1bind(n) Tk Built-In Commands bind(n)
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6
8 bind - Arrange for X events to invoke Tcl scripts
9
11 bind tag ?sequence? ?+??script?
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13
15 The bind command associates Tcl scripts with X events. If all three
16 arguments are specified, bind will arrange for script (a Tcl script
17 called the “binding script”) to be evaluated whenever the event(s)
18 given by sequence occur in the window(s) identified by tag. If script
19 is prefixed with a “+”, then it is appended to any existing binding for
20 sequence; otherwise script replaces any existing binding. If script
21 is an empty string then the current binding for sequence is destroyed,
22 leaving sequence unbound. In all of the cases where a script argument
23 is provided, bind returns an empty string.
24 If sequence is specified without a script, then the script currently
26 bound to sequence is returned, or an empty string is returned if there
27 is no binding for sequence. If neither sequence nor script is speci‐
28 fied, then the return value is a list whose elements are all the
29 sequences for which there exist bindings for tag.
30 The tag argument determines which window(s) the binding applies to. If
32 tag begins with a dot, as in .a.b.c, then it must be the path name for
33 a window; otherwise it may be an arbitrary string. Each window has an
34 associated list of tags, and a binding applies to a particular window
35 if its tag is among those specified for the window. Although the bind‐
36 tags command may be used to assign an arbitrary set of binding tags to
37 a window, the default binding tags provide the following behavior:
38 · If a tag is the name of an internal window the binding applies to
40 that window.
41 · If the tag is the name of a toplevel window the binding applies to
43 the toplevel window and all its internal windows.
44 · If the tag is the name of a class of widgets, such as Button, the
46 binding applies to all widgets in that class;
47 · If tag has the value all, the binding applies to all windows in the
49 application.
50
52 The sequence argument specifies a sequence of one or more event pat‐
53 terns, with optional white space between the patterns. Each event pat‐
54 tern may take one of three forms. In the simplest case it is a single
55 printing ASCII character, such as a or [. The character may not be a
56 space character or the character <. This form of pattern matches a
57 KeyPress event for the particular character. The second form of pat‐
58 tern is longer but more general. It has the following syntax:
59 <modifier-modifier-type-detail>
60 The entire event pattern is surrounded by angle brackets. Inside the
61 angle brackets are zero or more modifiers, an event type, and an extra
62 piece of information (detail) identifying a particular button or
63 keysym. Any of the fields may be omitted, as long as at least one of
64 type and detail is present. The fields must be separated by white
65 space or dashes.
66 The third form of pattern is used to specify a user-defined, named vir‐
68 tual event. It has the following syntax:
69 <<name>>
70 The entire virtual event pattern is surrounded by double angle brack‐
71 ets. Inside the angle brackets is the user-defined name of the virtual
72 event. Modifiers, such as Shift or Control, may not be combined with a
73 virtual event to modify it. Bindings on a virtual event may be created
74 before the virtual event is defined, and if the definition of a virtual
75 event changes dynamically, all windows bound to that virtual event will
76 respond immediately to the new definition.
77 Some widgets (e.g. menu and text) issue virtual events when their
79 internal state is updated in some ways. Please see the manual page for
80 each widget for details.
81 MODIFIERS
83 Modifiers consist of any of the following values:
84 Control Mod1, M1, Command
86 Alt Mod2, M2, Option
87 Shift Mod3, M3
88 Lock Mod4, M4
89 Extended Mod5, M5
90 Button1, B1 Meta, M
91 Button2, B2 Double
92 Button3, B3 Triple
93 Button4, B4 Quadruple
94 Button5, B5
95 Where more than one value is listed, separated by commas, the values
97 are equivalent. Most of the modifiers have the obvious X meanings.
98 For example, Button1 requires that button 1 be depressed when the event
99 occurs. For a binding to match a given event, the modifiers in the
100 event must include all of those specified in the event pattern. An
101 event may also contain additional modifiers not specified in the bind‐
102 ing. For example, if button 1 is pressed while the shift and control
103 keys are down, the pattern <Control-Button-1> will match the event, but
104 <Mod1-Button-1> will not. If no modifiers are specified, then any com‐
105 bination of modifiers may be present in the event.
106 Meta and M refer to whichever of the M1 through M5 modifiers is associ‐
108 ated with the Meta key(s) on the keyboard (keysyms Meta_R and Meta_L).
109 If there are no Meta keys, or if they are not associated with any modi‐
110 fiers, then Meta and M will not match any events. Similarly, the Alt
111 modifier refers to whichever modifier is associated with the alt key(s)
112 on the keyboard (keysyms Alt_L and Alt_R).
113 The Double, Triple and Quadruple modifiers are a convenience for speci‐
115 fying double mouse clicks and other repeated events. They cause a par‐
116 ticular event pattern to be repeated 2, 3 or 4 times, and also place a
117 time and space requirement on the sequence: for a sequence of events to
118 match a Double, Triple or Quadruple pattern, all of the events must
119 occur close together in time and without substantial mouse motion in
120 between. For example, <Double-Button-1> is equivalent to <But‐
121 ton-1><Button-1> with the extra time and space requirement.
122 The Command and Option modifiers are equivalents of Mod1 resp. Mod2,
124 they correspond to Macintosh-specific modifier keys.
125 The Extended modifier is, at present, specific to Windows. It appears
127 on events that are associated with the keys on the “extended keyboard”.
128 On a US keyboard, the extended keys include the Alt and Control keys at
129 the right of the keyboard, the cursor keys in the cluster to the left
130 of the numeric pad, the NumLock key, the Break key, the PrintScreen
131 key, and the / and Enter keys in the numeric keypad.
132 EVENT TYPES
134 The type field may be any of the standard X event types, with a few
135 extra abbreviations. The type field will also accept a couple non-
136 standard X event types that were added to better support the Macintosh
137 and Windows platforms. Below is a list of all the valid types; where
138 two names appear together, they are synonyms.
139 Activate Destroy Map
141 ButtonPress, Button Enter MapRequest
142 ButtonRelease Expose Motion
143 Circulate FocusIn MouseWheel
144 CirculateRequest FocusOut Property
145 Colormap Gravity Reparent
146 Configure KeyPress, Key ResizeRequest
147 ConfigureRequest KeyRelease Unmap
148 Create Leave Visibility
149 Deactivate
150 Most of the above events have the same fields and behaviors as events
152 in the X Windowing system. You can find more detailed descriptions of
153 these events in any X window programming book. A couple of the events
154 are extensions to the X event system to support features unique to the
155 Macintosh and Windows platforms. We provide a little more detail on
156 these events here. These include:
157 Activate, Deactivate
159 These two events are sent to every sub-window of a toplevel when
160 they change state. In addition to the focus Window, the Macintosh
161 platform and Windows platforms have a notion of an active window
162 (which often has but is not required to have the focus). On the
163 Macintosh, widgets in the active window have a different appear‐
164 ance than widgets in deactive windows. The Activate event is sent
165 to all the sub-windows in a toplevel when it changes from being
166 deactive to active. Likewise, the Deactive event is sent when the
167 window's state changes from active to deactive. There are no use‐
168 ful percent substitutions you would make when binding to these
169 events.
170 MouseWheel
172 Many contemporary mice support a mouse wheel, which is used for
173 scrolling documents without using the scrollbars. By rolling the
174 wheel, the system will generate MouseWheel events that the appli‐
175 cation can use to scroll. Like Key events the event is always
176 routed to the window that currently has focus. When the event is
177 received you can use the %D substitution to get the delta field
178 for the event, which is a integer value describing how the mouse
179 wheel has moved. The smallest value for which the system will
180 report is defined by the OS. The sign of the value determines
181 which direction your widget should scroll. Positive values should
182 scroll up and negative values should scroll down.
183 KeyPress, KeyRelease
185 The KeyPress and KeyRelease events are generated whenever a key is
186 pressed or released. KeyPress and KeyRelease events are sent to
187 the window which currently has the keyboard focus.
188 ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, Motion
190 The ButtonPress and ButtonRelease events are generated when the
191 user presses or releases a mouse button. Motion events are gener‐
192 ated whenever the pointer is moved. ButtonPress, ButtonRelease,
193 and Motion events are normally sent to the window containing the
194 pointer.
195 When a mouse button is pressed, the window containing the pointer
197 automatically obtains a temporary pointer grab. Subsequent But‐
198 tonPress, ButtonRelease, and Motion events will be sent to that
199 window, regardless of which window contains the pointer, until all
200 buttons have been released.
201 Configure
203 A Configure event is sent to a window whenever its size, position,
204 or border width changes, and sometimes when it has changed posi‐
205 tion in the stacking order.
206 Map, Unmap
208 The Map and Unmap events are generated whenever the mapping state
209 of a window changes.
210 Windows are created in the unmapped state. Top-level windows
212 become mapped when they transition to the normal state, and are
213 unmapped in the withdrawn and iconic states. Other windows become
214 mapped when they are placed under control of a geometry manager
215 (for example pack or grid).
216 A window is viewable only if it and all of its ancestors are
218 mapped. Note that geometry managers typically do not map their
219 children until they have been mapped themselves, and unmap all
220 children when they become unmapped; hence in Tk Map and Unmap
221 events indicate whether or not a window is viewable.
222 Visibility
224 A window is said to be obscured when another window above it in
225 the stacking order fully or partially overlaps it. Visibility
226 events are generated whenever a window's obscurity state changes;
227 the state field (%s) specifies the new state.
228 Expose
230 An Expose event is generated whenever all or part of a window
231 should be redrawn (for example, when a window is first mapped or
232 if it becomes unobscured). It is normally not necessary for
233 client applications to handle Expose events, since Tk handles them
234 internally.
235 Destroy
237 A Destroy event is delivered to a window when it is destroyed.
238 When the Destroy event is delivered to a widget, it is in a “half-
240 dead” state: the widget still exists, but most operations on it
241 will fail.
242 FocusIn, FocusOut
244 The FocusIn and FocusOut events are generated whenever the key‐
245 board focus changes. A FocusOut event is sent to the old focus
246 window, and a FocusIn event is sent to the new one.
247 In addition, if the old and new focus windows do not share a com‐
249 mon parent, “virtual crossing” focus events are sent to the inter‐
250 mediate windows in the hierarchy. Thus a FocusIn event indicates
251 that the target window or one of its descendants has acquired the
252 focus, and a FocusOut event indicates that the focus has been
253 changed to a window outside the target window's hierarchy.
254 The keyboard focus may be changed explicitly by a call to focus,
256 or implicitly by the window manager.
257 Enter, Leave
259 An Enter event is sent to a window when the pointer enters that
260 window, and a Leave event is sent when the pointer leaves it.
261 If there is a pointer grab in effect, Enter and Leave events are
263 only delivered to the window owning the grab.
264 In addition, when the pointer moves between two windows, Enter and
266 Leave “virtual crossing” events are sent to intermediate windows
267 in the hierarchy in the same manner as for FocusIn and FocusOut
268 events.
269 Property
271 A Property event is sent to a window whenever an X property
272 belonging to that window is changed or deleted. Property events
273 are not normally delivered to Tk applications as they are handled
274 by the Tk core.
275 Colormap
277 A Colormap event is generated whenever the colormap associated
278 with a window has been changed, installed, or uninstalled.
279 Widgets may be assigned a private colormap by specifying a -col‐
281 ormap option; the window manager is responsible for installing and
282 uninstalling colormaps as necessary.
283 Note that Tk provides no useful details for this event type.
285 MapRequest, CirculateRequest, ResizeRequest, ConfigureRequest, Create
287 These events are not normally delivered to Tk applications. They
288 are included for completeness, to make it possible to write X11
289 window managers in Tk. (These events are only delivered when a
290 client has selected SubstructureRedirectMask on a window; the Tk
291 core does not use this mask.)
292 Gravity, Reparent, Circulate
294 The events Gravity and Reparent are not normally delivered to Tk
295 applications. They are included for completeness.
296 A Circulate event indicates that the window has moved to the top
298 or to the bottom of the stacking order as a result of an XCircu‐
299 lateSubwindows protocol request. Note that the stacking order may
300 be changed for other reasons which do not generate a Circulate
301 event, and that Tk does not use XCirculateSubwindows() internally.
302 This event type is included only for completeness; there is no
303 reliable way to track changes to a window's position in the stack‐
304 ing order.
305 EVENT DETAILS
307 The last part of a long event specification is detail. In the case of
308 a ButtonPress or ButtonRelease event, it is the number of a button
309 (1-5). If a button number is given, then only an event on that partic‐
310 ular button will match; if no button number is given, then an event on
311 any button will match. Note: giving a specific button number is dif‐
312 ferent than specifying a button modifier; in the first case, it refers
313 to a button being pressed or released, while in the second it refers to
314 some other button that is already depressed when the matching event
315 occurs. If a button number is given then type may be omitted: if will
316 default to ButtonPress. For example, the specifier <1> is equivalent
317 to <ButtonPress-1>.
318 If the event type is KeyPress or KeyRelease, then detail may be speci‐
320 fied in the form of an X keysym. Keysyms are textual specifications
321 for particular keys on the keyboard; they include all the alphanumeric
322 ASCII characters (e.g. “a” is the keysym for the ASCII character “a”),
323 plus descriptions for non-alphanumeric characters (“comma”is the keysym
324 for the comma character), plus descriptions for all the non-ASCII keys
325 on the keyboard (e.g. “Shift_L” is the keysym for the left shift key,
326 and “F1” is the keysym for the F1 function key, if it exists). The
327 complete list of keysyms is not presented here; it is available in
328 other X documentation and may vary from system to system. If neces‐
329 sary, you can use the %K notation described below to print out the
330 keysym name for a particular key. If a keysym detail is given, then
331 the type field may be omitted; it will default to KeyPress. For exam‐
332 ple, <Control-comma> is equivalent to <Control-KeyPress-comma>.
333
335 The script argument to bind is a Tcl script, called the “binding
336 script”, which will be executed whenever the given event sequence
337 occurs. Command will be executed in the same interpreter that the bind
338 command was executed in, and it will run at global level (only global
339 variables will be accessible). If script contains any % characters,
340 then the script will not be executed directly. Instead, a new script
341 will be generated by replacing each %, and the character following it,
342 with information from the current event. The replacement depends on
343 the character following the %, as defined in the list below. Unless
344 otherwise indicated, the replacement string is the decimal value of the
345 given field from the current event. Some of the substitutions are only
346 valid for certain types of events; if they are used for other types of
347 events the value substituted is undefined.
348 %% Replaced with a single percent.
350 %# The number of the last client request processed by the server (the
352 serial field from the event). Valid for all event types.
353 %a The above field from the event, formatted as a hexadecimal number.
355 Valid only for Configure events. Indicates the sibling window
356 immediately below the receiving window in the stacking order, or 0
357 if the receiving window is at the bottom.
358 %b The number of the button that was pressed or released. Valid only
360 for ButtonPress and ButtonRelease events.
361 %c The count field from the event. Valid only for Expose events.
363 Indicates that there are count pending Expose events which have
364 not yet been delivered to the window.
365 %d The detail or user_data field from the event. The %d is replaced
367 by a string identifying the detail. For Enter, Leave, FocusIn,
368 and FocusOut events, the string will be one of the following:
369 NotifyAncestor NotifyNonlinearVirtual
371 NotifyDetailNone NotifyPointer
372 NotifyInferior NotifyPointerRoot
373 NotifyNonlinear NotifyVirtual
374 For ConfigureRequest events, the string will be one of:
376 Above Opposite
378 Below None
379 BottomIf TopIf
380 For virtual events, the string will be whatever value is stored in
382 the user_data field when the event was created (typically with
383 event generate), or the empty string if the field is NULL. Vir‐
384 tual events corresponding to key sequence presses (see event add
385 for details) set the user_data to NULL. For events other than
386 these, the substituted string is undefined.
387 %f The focus field from the event (0 or 1). Valid only for Enter and
389 Leave events. 1 if the receiving window is the focus window or a
390 descendant of the focus window, 0 otherwise.
391 %h The height field from the event. Valid for the Configure, Config‐
393 ureRequest, Create, ResizeRequest, and Expose events. Indicates
394 the new or requested height of the window.
395 %i The window field from the event, represented as a hexadecimal
397 integer. Valid for all event types.
398 %k The keycode field from the event. Valid only for KeyPress and
400 KeyRelease events.
401 %m The mode field from the event. The substituted string is one of
403 NotifyNormal, NotifyGrab, NotifyUngrab, or NotifyWhileGrabbed.
404 Valid only for Enter, FocusIn, FocusOut, and Leave events.
405 %o The override_redirect field from the event. Valid only for Map,
407 Reparent, and Configure events.
408 %p The place field from the event, substituted as one of the strings
410 PlaceOnTop or PlaceOnBottom. Valid only for Circulate and Circu‐
411 lateRequest events.
412 %s The state field from the event. For ButtonPress, ButtonRelease,
414 Enter, KeyPress, KeyRelease, Leave, and Motion events, a decimal
415 string is substituted. For Visibility, one of the strings Visi‐
416 bilityUnobscured, VisibilityPartiallyObscured, and VisibilityFul‐
417 lyObscured is substituted. For Property events, substituted with
418 either the string NewValue (indicating that the property has been
419 created or modified) or Delete (indicating that the property has
420 been removed).
421 %t The time field from the event. This is the X server timestamp
423 (typically the time since the last server reset) in milliseconds,
424 when the event occurred. Valid for most events.
425 %w The width field from the event. Indicates the new or requested
427 width of the window. Valid only for Configure, ConfigureRequest,
428 Create, ResizeRequest, and Expose events.
429 %x, %y
431 The x and y fields from the event. For ButtonPress, ButtonRe‐
432 lease, Motion, KeyPress, KeyRelease, and MouseWheel events, %x and
433 %y indicate the position of the mouse pointer relative to the
434 receiving window. For Enter and Leave events, the position where
435 the mouse pointer crossed the window, relative to the receiving
436 window. For Configure and Create requests, the x and y coordi‐
437 nates of the window relative to its parent window.
438 %A Substitutes the UNICODE character corresponding to the event, or
440 the empty string if the event does not correspond to a UNICODE
441 character (e.g. the shift key was pressed). XmbLookupString (or
442 XLookupString when input method support is turned off) does all
443 the work of translating from the event to a UNICODE character.
444 Valid only for KeyPress and KeyRelease events.
445 %B The border_width field from the event. Valid only for Configure,
447 ConfigureRequest, and Create events.
448 %D This reports the delta value of a MouseWheel event. The delta
450 value represents the rotation units the mouse wheel has been
451 moved. The sign of the value represents the direction the mouse
452 wheel was scrolled.
453 %E The send_event field from the event. Valid for all event types.
455 0 indicates that this is a “normal” event, 1 indicates that it is
456 a “synthetic” event generated by SendEvent.
457 %K The keysym corresponding to the event, substituted as a textual
459 string. Valid only for KeyPress and KeyRelease events.
460 %M The number of script-based binding patterns matched so far for the
462 event. Valid for all event types.
463 %N The keysym corresponding to the event, substituted as a decimal
465 number. Valid only for KeyPress and KeyRelease events.
466 %P The name of the property being updated or deleted (which may be
468 converted to an XAtom using winfo atom.) Valid only for Property
469 events.
470 %R The root window identifier from the event. Valid only for events
472 containing a root field.
473 %S The subwindow window identifier from the event, formatted as a
475 hexadecimal number. Valid only for events containing a subwindow
476 field.
477 %T The type field from the event. Valid for all event types.
479 %W The path name of the window to which the event was reported (the
481 window field from the event). Valid for all event types.
482 %X, %Y
484 The x_root and y_root fields from the event. If a virtual-root
485 window manager is being used then the substituted values are the
486 corresponding x-coordinate and y-coordinate in the virtual root.
487 Valid only for ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, KeyPress, KeyRelease,
488 and Motion events. Same meaning as %x and %y, except relative to
489 the (virtual) root window.
490 The replacement string for a %-replacement is formatted as a proper Tcl
492 list element. This means that spaces or special characters such as $
493 and { may be preceded by backslashes. This guarantees that the string
494 will be passed through the Tcl parser when the binding script is evalu‐
495 ated. Most replacements are numbers or well-defined strings such as
496 Above; for these replacements no special formatting is ever necessary.
497 The most common case where reformatting occurs is for the %A substitu‐
498 tion. For example, if script is
499 insert %A
500 and the character typed is an open square bracket, then the script
501 actually executed will be
502 insert \[
503 This will cause the insert to receive the original replacement string
504 (open square bracket) as its first argument. If the extra backslash
505 had not been added, Tcl would not have been able to parse the script
506 correctly.
507
509 It is possible for several bindings to match a given X event. If the
510 bindings are associated with different tag's, then each of the bindings
511 will be executed, in order. By default, a binding for the widget will
512 be executed first, followed by a class binding, a binding for its
513 toplevel, and an all binding. The bindtags command may be used to
514 change this order for a particular window or to associate additional
515 binding tags with the window.
516 The continue and break commands may be used inside a binding script to
518 control the processing of matching scripts. If continue is invoked
519 within a binding script, then this binding script, including all other
520 “+” appended scripts, is terminated but Tk will continue processing
521 binding scripts associated with other tag's. If the break command is
522 invoked within a binding script, then that script terminates and no
523 other scripts will be invoked for the event.
524 Within a script called from the binding script, return -code ok may be
526 used to continue processing (including “+” appended scripts), or return
527 -code break may be used to stop processing all other binding scripts.
528 If more than one binding matches a particular event and they have the
530 same tag, then the most specific binding is chosen and its script is
531 evaluated. The following tests are applied, in order, to determine
532 which of several matching sequences is more specific:
533 (a) an event pattern that specifies a specific button or key
535 is more specific than one that does not;
536 (b) a longer sequence (in terms of number of events matched)
538 is more specific than a shorter sequence;
539 (c) if the modifiers specified in one pattern are a subset of
541 the modifiers in another pattern, then the pattern with
542 more modifiers is more specific.
543 (d) a virtual event whose physical pattern matches the
545 sequence is less specific than the same physical pattern
546 that is not associated with a virtual event.
547 (e) given a sequence that matches two or more virtual events,
549 one of the virtual events will be chosen, but the order
550 is undefined.
551 If the matching sequences contain more than one event, then tests
553 (c)-(e) are applied in order from the most recent event to the least
554 recent event in the sequences. If these tests fail to determine a win‐
555 ner, then the most recently registered sequence is the winner.
556 If there are two (or more) virtual events that are both triggered by
558 the same sequence, and both of those virtual events are bound to the
559 same window tag, then only one of the virtual events will be triggered,
560 and it will be picked at random:
561 event add <<Paste>> <Control-y>
562 event add <<Paste>> <Button-2>
563 event add <<Scroll>> <Button-2>
564 bind Entry <<Paste>> {puts Paste}
565 bind Entry <<Scroll>> {puts Scroll}
566 If the user types Control-y, the <<Paste>> binding will be invoked, but
567 if the user presses button 2 then one of either the <<Paste>> or the
568 <<Scroll>> bindings will be invoked, but exactly which one gets invoked
569 is undefined.
570 If an X event does not match any of the existing bindings, then the
572 event is ignored. An unbound event is not considered to be an error.
573
575 When a sequence specified in a bind command contains more than one
576 event pattern, then its script is executed whenever the recent events
577 (leading up to and including the current event) match the given
578 sequence. This means, for example, that if button 1 is clicked repeat‐
579 edly the sequence <Double-ButtonPress-1> will match each button press
580 but the first. If extraneous events that would prevent a match occur
581 in the middle of an event sequence then the extraneous events are
582 ignored unless they are KeyPress or ButtonPress events. For example,
583 <Double-ButtonPress-1> will match a sequence of presses of button 1,
584 even though there will be ButtonRelease events (and possibly Motion
585 events) between the ButtonPress events. Furthermore, a KeyPress event
586 may be preceded by any number of other KeyPress events for modifier
587 keys without the modifier keys preventing a match. For example, the
588 event sequence aB will match a press of the a key, a release of the a
589 key, a press of the Shift key, and a press of the b key: the press of
590 Shift is ignored because it is a modifier key. Finally, if several
591 Motion events occur in a row, only the last one is used for purposes of
592 matching binding sequences.
593
595 If an error occurs in executing the script for a binding then the bger‐
596 ror mechanism is used to report the error. The bgerror command will be
597 executed at global level (outside the context of any Tcl procedure).
598
600 Arrange for a string describing the motion of the mouse to be printed
601 out when the mouse is double-clicked:
602 bind . <Double-1> {
603 puts "hi from (%x,%y)"
604 }
605 A little GUI that displays what the keysym name of the last key pressed
607 is:
608 set keysym "Press any key"
609 pack [label .l -textvariable keysym -padx 2m -pady 1m]
610 bind . <Key> {
611 set keysym "You pressed %K"
612 }
613
615 bgerror(n), bindtags(n), event(n), focus(n), grab(n), keysyms(n)
616
618 binding, event
619Tk 8.0 bind(n)