1CLOSE(2) Linux Programmer's Manual CLOSE(2)
2
6 close - close a file descriptor
7
9 #include <unistd.h>
10 int close(int fd);
12
14 close() closes a file descriptor, so that it no longer refers to any
15 file and may be reused. Any record locks (see fcntl(2)) held on the
16 file it was associated with, and owned by the process, are removed
17 (regardless of the file descriptor that was used to obtain the lock).
18 If fd is the last file descriptor referring to the underlying open file
20 description (see open(2)), the resources associated with the open file
21 description are freed; if the file descriptor was the last reference to
22 a file which has been removed using unlink(2), the file is deleted.
23
25 close() returns zero on success. On error, -1 is returned, and errno
26 is set appropriately.
27
29 EBADF fd isn't a valid open file descriptor.
30 EINTR The close() call was interrupted by a signal; see signal(7).
32 EIO An I/O error occurred.
34 ENOSPC, EDQUOT
36 On NFS, these errors are not normally reported against the first
37 write which exceeds the available storage space, but instead
38 against a subsequent write(2), fsync(2), or close().
39 See NOTES for a discussion of why close() should not be retried after
41 an error.
42
44 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, 4.3BSD.
45
47 A successful close does not guarantee that the data has been success‐
48 fully saved to disk, as the kernel uses the buffer cache to defer
49 writes. Typically, filesystems do not flush buffers when a file is
50 closed. If you need to be sure that the data is physically stored on
51 the underlying disk, use fsync(2). (It will depend on the disk hard‐
52 ware at this point.)
53 The close-on-exec file descriptor flag can be used to ensure that a
55 file descriptor is automatically closed upon a successful execve(2);
56 see fcntl(2) for details.
57 It is probably unwise to close file descriptors while they may be in
59 use by system calls in other threads in the same process. Since a file
60 descriptor may be reused, there are some obscure race conditions that
61 may cause unintended side effects.
62 When dealing with sockets, you have to be sure that there is no recv(2)
64 still blocking on it on another thread, otherwise it might block for‐
65 ever, since no more messages will be send via the socket. Be sure to
66 use shutdown(2) to shut down all parts the connection before closing
67 the socket.
68 Dealing with error returns from close()
70 A careful programmer will check the return value of close(), since it
71 is quite possible that errors on a previous write(2) operation are
72 reported only on the final close() that releases the open file descrip‐
73 tion. Failing to check the return value when closing a file may lead
74 to silent loss of data. This can especially be observed with NFS and
75 with disk quota.
76 Note, however, that a failure return should be used only for diagnostic
78 purposes (i.e., a warning to the application that there may still be
79 I/O pending or there may have been failed I/O) or remedial purposes
80 (e.g., writing the file once more or creating a backup).
81 Retrying the close() after a failure return is the wrong thing to do,
83 since this may cause a reused file descriptor from another thread to be
84 closed. This can occur because the Linux kernel always releases the
85 file descriptor early in the close operation, freeing it for reuse; the
86 steps that may return an error, such as flushing data to the filesystem
87 or device, occur only later in the close operation.
88 Many other implementations similarly always close the file descriptor
90 (except in the case of EBADF, meaning that the file descriptor was
91 invalid) even if they subsequently report an error on return from
92 close(). POSIX.1 is currently silent on this point, but there are
93 plans to mandate this behavior in the next major release of the stan‐
94 dard.
95 A careful programmer who wants to know about I/O errors may precede
97 close() with a call to fsync(2).
98 The EINTR error is a somewhat special case. Regarding the EINTR error,
100 POSIX.1-2013 says:
101 If close() is interrupted by a signal that is to be caught, it
103 shall return -1 with errno set to EINTR and the state of fildes
104 is unspecified.
105 This permits the behavior that occurs on Linux and many other implemen‐
107 tations, where, as with other errors that may be reported by close(),
108 the file descriptor is guaranteed to be closed. However, it also per‐
109 mits another possibility: that the implementation returns an EINTR
110 error and keeps the file descriptor open. (According to its documenta‐
111 tion, HP-UX's close() does this.) The caller must then once more use
112 close() to close the file descriptor, to avoid file descriptor leaks.
113 This divergence in implementation behaviors provides a difficult hurdle
114 for portable applications, since on many implementations, close() must
115 not be called again after an EINTR error, and on at least one, close()
116 must be called again. There are plans to address this conundrum for
117 the next major release of the POSIX.1 standard.
118
120 fcntl(2), fsync(2), open(2), shutdown(2), unlink(2), fclose(3)
121
123 This page is part of release 5.04 of the Linux man-pages project. A
124 description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
125 latest version of this page, can be found at
126 https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
127Linux 2019-10-10 CLOSE(2)