1WWW::Mechanize(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation WWW::Mechanize(3)
2
6 WWW::Mechanize - Handy web browsing in a Perl object
7
9 version 2.00
10
12 WWW::Mechanize supports performing a sequence of page fetches including
13 following links and submitting forms. Each fetched page is parsed and
14 its links and forms are extracted. A link or a form can be selected,
15 form fields can be filled and the next page can be fetched. Mech also
16 stores a history of the URLs you've visited, which can be queried and
17 revisited.
18 use WWW::Mechanize ();
20 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new();
21 $mech->get( $url );
23 $mech->follow_link( n => 3 );
25 $mech->follow_link( text_regex => qr/download this/i );
26 $mech->follow_link( url => 'http://host.com/index.html' );
27 $mech->submit_form(
29 form_number => 3,
30 fields => {
31 username => 'mungo',
32 password => 'lost-and-alone',
33 }
34 );
35 $mech->submit_form(
37 form_name => 'search',
38 fields => { query => 'pot of gold', },
39 button => 'Search Now'
40 );
41 # Enable strict form processing to catch typos and non-existant form fields.
43 my $strict_mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( strict_forms => 1);
44 $strict_mech->get( $url );
46 # This method call will die, saving you lots of time looking for the bug.
48 $strict_mech->submit_form(
49 form_number => 3,
50 fields => {
51 usernaem => 'mungo', # typo in field name
52 password => 'lost-and-alone',
53 extra_field => 123, # field does not exist
54 }
55 );
56
58 "WWW::Mechanize", or Mech for short, is a Perl module for stateful
59 programmatic web browsing, used for automating interaction with
60 websites.
61 Features include:
63 · All HTTP methods
65 · High-level hyperlink and HTML form support, without having to parse
67 HTML yourself
68 · SSL support
70 · Automatic cookies
72 · Custom HTTP headers
74 · Automatic handling of redirections
76 · Proxies
78 · HTTP authentication
80 Mech is well suited for use in testing web applications. If you use
82 one of the Test::*, like Test::HTML::Lint modules, you can check the
83 fetched content and use that as input to a test call.
84 use Test::More;
86 like( $mech->content(), qr/$expected/, "Got expected content" );
87 Each page fetch stores its URL in a history stack which you can
89 traverse.
90 $mech->back();
92 If you want finer control over your page fetching, you can use these
94 methods. "follow_link" and "submit_form" are just high level wrappers
95 around them.
96 $mech->find_link( n => $number );
98 $mech->form_number( $number );
99 $mech->form_name( $name );
100 $mech->field( $name, $value );
101 $mech->set_fields( %field_values );
102 $mech->set_visible( @criteria );
103 $mech->click( $button );
104 WWW::Mechanize is a proper subclass of LWP::UserAgent and you can also
106 use any of LWP::UserAgent's methods.
107 $mech->add_header($name => $value);
109 Please note that Mech does NOT support JavaScript, you need additional
111 software for that. Please check "JavaScript" in WWW::Mechanize::FAQ for
112 more.
113
115 · <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize/issues>
116 The queue for bugs & enhancements in WWW::Mechanize. Please note
118 that the queue at <http://rt.cpan.org> is no longer maintained.
119 · <https://metacpan.org/pod/WWW::Mechanize>
121 The CPAN documentation page for Mechanize.
123 · <https://metacpan.org/pod/distribution/WWW-Mechanize/lib/WWW/Mechanize/FAQ.pod>
125 Frequently asked questions. Make sure you read here FIRST.
127
129 new()
130 Creates and returns a new WWW::Mechanize object, hereafter referred to
131 as the "agent".
132 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new()
134 The constructor for WWW::Mechanize overrides two of the params to the
136 LWP::UserAgent constructor:
137 agent => 'WWW-Mechanize/#.##'
139 cookie_jar => {} # an empty, memory-only HTTP::Cookies object
140 You can override these overrides by passing params to the constructor,
142 as in:
143 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( agent => 'wonderbot 1.01' );
145 If you want none of the overhead of a cookie jar, or don't want your
147 bot accepting cookies, you have to explicitly disallow it, like so:
148 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( cookie_jar => undef );
150 Here are the params that WWW::Mechanize recognizes. These do not
152 include params that LWP::UserAgent recognizes.
153 · "autocheck => [0|1]"
155 Checks each request made to see if it was successful. This saves
157 you the trouble of manually checking yourself. Any errors found
158 are errors, not warnings.
159 The default value is ON, unless it's being subclassed, in which
161 case it is OFF. This means that standalone WWW::Mechanize
162 instances have autocheck turned on, which is protective for the
163 vast majority of Mech users who don't bother checking the return
164 value of get() and post() and can't figure why their code fails.
165 However, if WWW::Mechanize is subclassed, such as for
166 Test::WWW::Mechanize or Test::WWW::Mechanize::Catalyst, this may
167 not be an appropriate default, so it's off.
168 · "noproxy => [0|1]"
170 Turn off the automatic call to the LWP::UserAgent "env_proxy"
172 function.
173 This needs to be explicitly turned off if you're using
175 Crypt::SSLeay to access a https site via a proxy server. Note: you
176 still need to set your HTTPS_PROXY environment variable as
177 appropriate.
178 · "onwarn => \&func"
180 Reference to a "warn"-compatible function, such as "Carp::carp",
182 that is called when a warning needs to be shown.
183 If this is set to "undef", no warnings will ever be shown.
185 However, it's probably better to use the "quiet" method to control
186 that behavior.
187 If this value is not passed, Mech uses "Carp::carp" if Carp is
189 installed, or "CORE::warn" if not.
190 · "onerror => \&func"
192 Reference to a "die"-compatible function, such as "Carp::croak",
194 that is called when there's a fatal error.
195 If this is set to "undef", no errors will ever be shown.
197 If this value is not passed, Mech uses "Carp::croak" if Carp is
199 installed, or "CORE::die" if not.
200 · "quiet => [0|1]"
202 Don't complain on warnings. Setting "quiet => 1" is the same as
204 calling "$mech->quiet(1)". Default is off.
205 · "stack_depth => $value"
207 Sets the depth of the page stack that keeps track of all the
209 downloaded pages. Default is effectively infinite stack size. If
210 the stack is eating up your memory, then set this to a smaller
211 number, say 5 or 10. Setting this to zero means Mech will keep no
212 history.
213 In addition, WWW::Mechanize also allows you to globally enable strict
215 and verbose mode for form handling, which is done with HTML::Form.
216 · "strict_forms => [0|1]"
218 Globally sets the HTML::Form strict flag which causes form
220 submission to croak if any of the passed fields don't exist in the
221 form, and/or a value doesn't exist in a select element. This can
222 still be disabled in individual calls to "submit_form()".
223 Default is off.
225 · "verbose_forms => [0|1]"
227 Globally sets the HTML::Form verbose flag which causes form
229 submission to warn about any bad HTML form constructs found. This
230 cannot be disabled later.
231 Default is off.
233 · "marked_sections => [0|1]"
235 Globally sets the HTML::Parser marked sections flag which causes
237 HTML "CDATA[[" sections to be honoured. This cannot be disabled
238 later.
239 Default is on.
241 To support forms, WWW::Mechanize's constructor pushes POST on to the
243 agent's "requests_redirectable" list (see also LWP::UserAgent.)
244 $mech->agent_alias( $alias )
246 Sets the user agent string to the expanded version from a table of
247 actual user strings. $alias can be one of the following:
248 · Windows IE 6
250 · Windows Mozilla
252 · Mac Safari
254 · Mac Mozilla
256 · Linux Mozilla
258 · Linux Konqueror
260 then it will be replaced with a more interesting one. For instance,
262 $mech->agent_alias( 'Windows IE 6' );
264 sets your User-Agent to
266 Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
268 The list of valid aliases can be returned from "known_agent_aliases()".
270 The current list is:
271 · Windows IE 6
273 · Windows Mozilla
275 · Mac Safari
277 · Mac Mozilla
279 · Linux Mozilla
281 · Linux Konqueror
283 known_agent_aliases()
285 Returns a list of all the agent aliases that Mech knows about.
286
288 $mech->get( $uri )
289 Given a URL/URI, fetches it. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri
290 can be a well-formed URL string, a URI object, or a
291 WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
292 The results are stored internally in the agent object, but you don't
294 know that. Just use the accessors listed below. Poking at the
295 internals is deprecated and subject to change in the future.
296 "get()" is a well-behaved overloaded version of the method in
298 LWP::UserAgent. This lets you do things like
299 $mech->get( $uri, ':content_file' => $tempfile );
301 and you can rest assured that the params will get filtered down
303 appropriately.
304 NOTE: Because ":content_file" causes the page contents to be stored in
306 a file instead of the response object, some Mech functions that expect
307 it to be there won't work as expected. Use with caution.
308 $mech->post( $uri, content => $content )
310 POSTs $content to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be
311 a well-formed URI string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link
312 object.
313 $mech->put( $uri, content => $content )
315 PUTs $content to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be
316 a well-formed URI string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link
317 object.
318 $mech->reload()
320 Acts like the reload button in a browser: repeats the current request.
321 The history (as per the back() method) is not altered.
322 Returns the HTTP::Response object from the reload, or "undef" if
324 there's no current request.
325 $mech->back()
327 The equivalent of hitting the "back" button in a browser. Returns to
328 the previous page. Won't go back past the first page. (Really, what
329 would it do if it could?)
330 Returns true if it could go back, or false if not.
332 $mech->clear_history()
334 This deletes all the history entries and returns true.
335 $mech->history_count()
337 This returns the number of items in the browser history. This number
338 does include the most recently made request.
339 $mech->history($n)
341 This returns the nth item in history. The 0th item is the most recent
342 request and response, which would be acted on by methods like
343 "find_link()". The 1th item is the state you'd return to if you called
344 "back()".
345 The maximum useful value for $n is "$mech->history_count - 1".
347 Requests beyond that bound will return "undef".
348 History items are returned as hash references, in the form:
350 { req => $http_request, res => $http_response }
352
354 $mech->success()
355 Returns a boolean telling whether the last request was successful. If
356 there hasn't been an operation yet, returns false.
357 This is a convenience function that wraps "$mech->res->is_success".
359 $mech->uri()
361 Returns the current URI as a URI object. This object stringifies to the
362 URI itself.
363 $mech->response() / $mech->res()
365 Return the current response as an HTTP::Response object.
366 Synonym for "$mech->response()"
368 $mech->status()
370 Returns the HTTP status code of the response. This is a 3-digit number
371 like 200 for OK, 404 for not found, and so on.
372 $mech->ct() / $mech->content_type()
374 Returns the content type of the response.
375 $mech->base()
377 Returns the base URI for the current response
378 $mech->forms()
380 When called in a list context, returns a list of the forms found in the
381 last fetched page. In a scalar context, returns a reference to an array
382 with those forms. The forms returned are all HTML::Form objects.
383 $mech->current_form()
385 Returns the current form as an HTML::Form object.
386 $mech->links()
388 When called in a list context, returns a list of the links found in the
389 last fetched page. In a scalar context it returns a reference to an
390 array with those links. Each link is a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
391 $mech->is_html()
393 Returns true/false on whether our content is HTML, according to the
394 HTTP headers.
395 $mech->title()
397 Returns the contents of the "<TITLE>" tag, as parsed by
398 HTML::HeadParser. Returns undef if the content is not HTML.
399
401 $mech->content(...)
402 Returns the content that the mech uses internally for the last page
403 fetched. Ordinarily this is the same as
404 "$mech->response()->decoded_content()", but this may differ for HTML
405 documents if update_html is overloaded (in which case the value passed
406 to the base-class implementation of same will be returned), and/or
407 extra named arguments are passed to content():
408 $mech->content( format => 'text' )
410 Returns a text-only version of the page, with all HTML markup
411 stripped. This feature requires HTML::TreeBuilder version 5 or higher
412 to be installed, or a fatal error will be thrown. This works only if
413 the contents are HTML.
414 $mech->content( base_href => [$base_href|undef] )
416 Returns the HTML document, modified to contain a "<base
417 href="$base_href">" mark-up in the header. $base_href is
418 "$mech->base()" if not specified. This is handy to pass the HTML to
419 e.g. HTML::Display. This works only if the contents are HTML.
420 $mech->content( raw => 1 )
422 Returns "$self->response()->content()", i.e. the raw contents from
423 the response.
424 $mech->content( decoded_by_headers => 1 )
426 Returns the content after applying all "Content-Encoding" headers but
427 with not additional mangling.
428 $mech->content( charset => $charset )
430 Returns "$self->response()->decoded_content(charset => $charset)"
431 (see HTTP::Response for details).
432 To preserve backwards compatibility, additional parameters will be
434 ignored unless none of "raw | decoded_by_headers | charset" is
435 specified and the text is HTML, in which case an error will be
436 triggered.
437 $mech->text()
439 Returns the text of the current HTML content. If the content isn't
440 HTML, $mech will die.
441 The text is extracted by parsing the content, and then the extracted
443 text is cached, so don't worry about performance of calling this
444 repeatedly.
445
447 $mech->links()
448 Lists all the links on the current page. Each link is a
449 WWW::Mechanize::Link object. In list context, returns a list of all
450 links. In scalar context, returns an array reference of all links.
451 $mech->follow_link(...)
453 Follows a specified link on the page. You specify the match to be
454 found using the same params that "find_link()" uses.
455 Here some examples:
457 · 3rd link called "download"
459 $mech->follow_link( text => 'download', n => 3 );
461 · first link where the URL has "download" in it, regardless of case:
463 $mech->follow_link( url_regex => qr/download/i );
465 or
467 $mech->follow_link( url_regex => qr/(?i:download)/ );
469 · 3rd link on the page
471 $mech->follow_link( n => 3 );
473 · the link with the url
475 $mech->follow_link( url => '/other/page' );
477 or
479 $mech->follow_link( url => 'http://example.com/page' );
481 Returns the result of the "GET" method (an HTTP::Response object) if a
483 link was found.
484 If the page has no links, or the specified link couldn't be found,
486 returns "undef". If "autocheck" is enabled an exception will be thrown
487 instead.
488 $mech->find_link( ... )
490 Finds a link in the currently fetched page. It returns a
491 WWW::Mechanize::Link object which describes the link. (You'll probably
492 be most interested in the "url()" property.) If it fails to find a
493 link it returns undef.
494 You can take the URL part and pass it to the "get()" method. If that's
496 your plan, you might as well use the "follow_link()" method directly,
497 since it does the "get()" for you automatically.
498 Note that "<FRAME SRC="...">" tags are parsed out of the the HTML and
500 treated as links so this method works with them.
501 You can select which link to find by passing in one or more of these
503 key/value pairs:
504 · "text => 'string'," and "text_regex => qr/regex/,"
506 "text" matches the text of the link against string, which must be
508 an exact match. To select a link with text that is exactly
509 "download", use
510 $mech->find_link( text => 'download' );
512 "text_regex" matches the text of the link against regex. To select
514 a link with text that has "download" anywhere in it, regardless of
515 case, use
516 $mech->find_link( text_regex => qr/download/i );
518 Note that the text extracted from the page's links are trimmed.
520 For example, "<a> foo </a>" is stored as 'foo', and searching for
521 leading or trailing spaces will fail.
522 · "url => 'string'," and "url_regex => qr/regex/,"
524 Matches the URL of the link against string or regex, as
526 appropriate. The URL may be a relative URL, like foo/bar.html,
527 depending on how it's coded on the page.
528 · "url_abs => string" and "url_abs_regex => regex"
530 Matches the absolute URL of the link against string or regex, as
532 appropriate. The URL will be an absolute URL, even if it's
533 relative in the page.
534 · "name => string" and "name_regex => regex"
536 Matches the name of the link against string or regex, as
538 appropriate.
539 · "id => string" and "id_regex => regex"
541 Matches the attribute 'id' of the link against string or regex, as
543 appropriate.
544 · "class => string" and "class_regex => regex"
546 Matches the attribute 'class' of the link against string or regex,
548 as appropriate.
549 · "tag => string" and "tag_regex => regex"
551 Matches the tag that the link came from against string or regex, as
553 appropriate. The "tag_regex" is probably most useful to check for
554 more than one tag, as in:
555 $mech->find_link( tag_regex => qr/^(a|frame)$/ );
557 The tags and attributes looked at are defined below.
559 If "n" is not specified, it defaults to 1. Therefore, if you don't
561 specify any params, this method defaults to finding the first link on
562 the page.
563 Note that you can specify multiple text or URL parameters, which will
565 be ANDed together. For example, to find the first link with text of
566 "News" and with "cnn.com" in the URL, use:
567 $mech->find_link( text => 'News', url_regex => qr/cnn\.com/ );
569 The return value is a reference to an array containing a
571 WWW::Mechanize::Link object for every link in "$self->content".
572 The links come from the following:
574 "<a href=...>"
576 "<area href=...>"
577 "<frame src=...>"
578 "<iframe src=...>"
579 "<link href=...>"
580 "<meta content=...>"
581 $mech->find_all_links( ... )
583 Returns all the links on the current page that match the criteria. The
584 method for specifying link criteria is the same as in "find_link()".
585 Each of the links returned is a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
586 In list context, "find_all_links()" returns a list of the links.
588 Otherwise, it returns a reference to the list of links.
589 "find_all_links()" with no parameters returns all links in the page.
591 $mech->find_all_inputs( ... criteria ... )
593 find_all_inputs() returns an array of all the input controls in the
594 current form whose properties match all of the regexes passed in. The
595 controls returned are all descended from HTML::Form::Input. See
596 "INPUTS" in HTML::Form for details.
597 If no criteria are passed, all inputs will be returned.
599 If there is no current page, there is no form on the current page, or
601 there are no submit controls in the current form then the return will
602 be an empty array.
603 You may use a regex or a literal string:
605 # get all textarea controls whose names begin with "customer"
607 my @customer_text_inputs = $mech->find_all_inputs(
608 type => 'textarea',
609 name_regex => qr/^customer/,
610 );
611 # get all text or textarea controls called "customer"
613 my @customer_text_inputs = $mech->find_all_inputs(
614 type_regex => qr/^(text|textarea)$/,
615 name => 'customer',
616 );
617 $mech->find_all_submits( ... criteria ... )
619 "find_all_submits()" does the same thing as "find_all_inputs()" except
620 that it only returns controls that are submit controls, ignoring other
621 types of input controls like text and checkboxes.
622
624 $mech->images
625 Lists all the images on the current page. Each image is a
626 WWW::Mechanize::Image object. In list context, returns a list of all
627 images. In scalar context, returns an array reference of all images.
628 $mech->find_image()
630 Finds an image in the current page. It returns a WWW::Mechanize::Image
631 object which describes the image. If it fails to find an image it
632 returns undef.
633 You can select which image to find by passing in one or more of these
635 key/value pairs:
636 · "alt => 'string'" and "alt_regex => qr/regex/"
638 "alt" matches the ALT attribute of the image against string, which
640 must be an exact match. To select a image with an ALT tag that is
641 exactly "download", use
642 $mech->find_image( alt => 'download' );
644 "alt_regex" matches the ALT attribute of the image against a
646 regular expression. To select an image with an ALT attribute that
647 has "download" anywhere in it, regardless of case, use
648 $mech->find_image( alt_regex => qr/download/i );
650 · "url => 'string'" and "url_regex => qr/regex/"
652 Matches the URL of the image against string or regex, as
654 appropriate. The URL may be a relative URL, like foo/bar.html,
655 depending on how it's coded on the page.
656 · "url_abs => string" and "url_abs_regex => regex"
658 Matches the absolute URL of the image against string or regex, as
660 appropriate. The URL will be an absolute URL, even if it's
661 relative in the page.
662 · "tag => string" and "tag_regex => regex"
664 Matches the tag that the image came from against string or regex,
666 as appropriate. The "tag_regex" is probably most useful to check
667 for more than one tag, as in:
668 $mech->find_image( tag_regex => qr/^(img|input)$/ );
670 The tags supported are "<img>" and "<input>".
672 · "id => string" and "id_regex => regex"
674 "id" matches the id attribute of the image against string, which
676 must be an exact match. To select an image with the exact id
677 "download-image", use
678 $mech->find_image( id => 'download-image' );
680 "id_regex" matches the id attribute of the image against a regular
682 expression. To select the first image with an id that contains
683 "download" anywhere in it, use
684 $mech->find_image( id_regex => qr/download/ );
686 · "classs => string" and "class_regex => regex"
688 "class" matches the class attribute of the image against string,
690 which must be an exact match. To select an image with the exact
691 class "img-fuid", use
692 $mech->find_image( class => 'img-fluid' );
694 To select an image with the class attribute "rounded float-left",
696 use
697 $mech->find_image( class => 'rounded float-left' );
699 Note that the classes have to be matched as a complete string, in
701 the exact order they appear in the website's source code.
702 "class_regex" matches the class attribute of the image against a
704 regular expression. Use this if you want a partial class name, or
705 if an image has several classes, but you only care about one.
706 To select the first image with the class "rounded", where there are
708 multiple images that might also have either class "float-left" or
709 "float-right", use
710 $mech->find_image( class_regex => qr/\brounded\b/ );
712 Selecting an image with multiple classes where you do not care
714 about the order they appear in the website's source code is not
715 currently supported.
716 If "n" is not specified, it defaults to 1. Therefore, if you don't
718 specify any params, this method defaults to finding the first image on
719 the page.
720 Note that you can specify multiple ALT or URL parameters, which will be
722 ANDed together. For example, to find the first image with ALT text of
723 "News" and with "cnn.com" in the URL, use:
724 $mech->find_image( image => 'News', url_regex => qr/cnn\.com/ );
726 The return value is a reference to an array containing a
728 WWW::Mechanize::Image object for every image in "$self->content".
729 $mech->find_all_images( ... )
731 Returns all the images on the current page that match the criteria.
732 The method for specifying image criteria is the same as in
733 "find_image()". Each of the images returned is a WWW::Mechanize::Image
734 object.
735 In list context, "find_all_images()" returns a list of the images.
737 Otherwise, it returns a reference to the list of images.
738 "find_all_images()" with no parameters returns all images in the page.
740
742 These methods let you work with the forms on a page. The idea is to
743 choose a form that you'll later work with using the field methods
744 below.
745 $mech->forms
747 Lists all the forms on the current page. Each form is an HTML::Form
748 object. In list context, returns a list of all forms. In scalar
749 context, returns an array reference of all forms.
750 $mech->form_number($number)
752 Selects the numberth form on the page as the target for subsequent
753 calls to "field()" and "click()". Also returns the form that was
754 selected.
755 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
757 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
758 "click()". When called in a list context, the number of the found form
759 is also returned as a second value.
760 Emits a warning and returns undef if no form is found.
762 The first form is number 1, not zero.
764 $mech->form_name( $name )
766 Selects a form by name. If there is more than one form on the page
767 with that name, then the first one is used, and a warning is generated.
768 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
770 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
771 "click()".
772 Returns undef if no form is found.
774 $mech->form_id( $name )
776 Selects a form by ID. If there is more than one form on the page with
777 that ID, then the first one is used, and a warning is generated.
778 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
780 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
781 "click()".
782 If no form is found it returns "undef". This will also trigger a
784 warning, unless "quiet" is enabled.
785 $mech->all_forms_with_fields( @fields )
787 Selects a form by passing in a list of field names it must contain.
788 All matching forms (perhaps none) are returned as a list of HTML::Form
789 objects.
790 $mech->form_with_fields( @fields )
792 Selects a form by passing in a list of field names it must contain. If
793 there is more than one form on the page with that matches, then the
794 first one is used, and a warning is generated.
795 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
797 internally for later used with Mech's form methods such as "field()"
798 and "click()".
799 Returns undef and emits a warning if no form is found.
801 Note that this functionality requires libwww-perl 5.69 or higher.
803 $mech->all_forms_with( $attr1 => $value1, $attr2 => $value2, ... )
805 Searches for forms with arbitrary attribute/value pairs within the
806 <form> tag. (Currently does not work for attribute "action" due to
807 implementation details of HTML::Form.) When given more than one pair,
808 all criteria must match. Using "undef" as value means that the
809 attribute in question must not be present.
810 All matching forms (perhaps none) are returned as a list of HTML::Form
812 objects.
813 $mech->form_with( $attr1 => $value1, $attr2 => $value2, ... )
815 Searches for forms with arbitrary attribute/value pairs within the
816 <form> tag. (Currently does not work for attribute "action" due to
817 implementation details of HTML::Form.) When given more than one pair,
818 all criteria must match. Using "undef" as value means that the
819 attribute in question must not be present.
820 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
822 internally for later used with Mech's form methods such as "field()"
823 and "click()".
824 Returns undef if no form is found.
826
828 These methods allow you to set the values of fields in a given form.
829 $mech->field( $name, $value, $number )
831 $mech->field( $name, \@values, $number )
832 Given the name of a field, set its value to the value specified. This
833 applies to the current form (as set by the "form_name()" or
834 "form_number()" method or defaulting to the first form on the page).
835 The optional $number parameter is used to distinguish between two
837 fields with the same name. The fields are numbered from 1.
838 $mech->select($name, $value)
840 $mech->select($name, \@values)
841 Given the name of a "select" field, set its value to the value
842 specified. If the field is not "<select multiple>" and the $value is
843 an array, only the first value will be set. [Note: the documentation
844 previously claimed that only the last value would be set, but this was
845 incorrect.] Passing $value as a hash with an "n" key selects an item
846 by number (e.g. "{n => 3}" or "{n => [2,4]}"). The numbering starts
847 at 1. This applies to the current form.
848 If you have a field with "<select multiple>" and you pass a single
850 $value, then $value will be added to the list of fields selected,
851 without clearing the others. However, if you pass an array reference,
852 then all previously selected values will be cleared.
853 Returns true on successfully setting the value. On failure, returns
855 false and calls "$self->warn()" with an error message.
856 $mech->set_fields( $name => $value ... )
858 This method sets multiple fields of the current form. It takes a list
859 of field name and value pairs. If there is more than one field with the
860 same name, the first one found is set. If you want to select which of
861 the duplicate field to set, use a value which is an anonymous array
862 which has the field value and its number as the 2 elements.
863 # set the second foo field
865 $mech->set_fields( $name => [ 'foo', 2 ] );
866 The fields are numbered from 1.
868 This applies to the current form.
870 $mech->set_visible( @criteria )
872 This method sets fields of the current form without having to know
873 their names. So if you have a login screen that wants a username and
874 password, you do not have to fetch the form and inspect the source (or
875 use the mech-dump utility, installed with WWW::Mechanize) to see what
876 the field names are; you can just say
877 $mech->set_visible( $username, $password );
879 and the first and second fields will be set accordingly. The method is
881 called set_visible because it acts only on visible fields; hidden form
882 inputs are not considered. The order of the fields is the order in
883 which they appear in the HTML source which is nearly always the order
884 anyone viewing the page would think they are in, but some creative work
885 with tables could change that; caveat user.
886 Each element in @criteria is either a field value or a field specifier.
888 A field value is a scalar. A field specifier allows you to specify the
889 type of input field you want to set and is denoted with an arrayref
890 containing two elements. So you could specify the first radio button
891 with
892 $mech->set_visible( [ radio => 'KCRW' ] );
894 Field values and specifiers can be intermixed, hence
896 $mech->set_visible( 'fred', 'secret', [ option => 'Checking' ] );
898 would set the first two fields to "fred" and "secret", and the next
900 "OPTION" menu field to "Checking".
901 The possible field specifier types are: "text", "password", "hidden",
903 "textarea", "file", "image", "submit", "radio", "checkbox" and
904 "option".
905 "set_visible" returns the number of values set.
907 $mech->tick( $name, $value [, $set] )
909 "Ticks" the first checkbox that has both the name and value associated
910 with it on the current form. Dies if there is no named check box for
911 that value. Passing in a false value as the third optional argument
912 will cause the checkbox to be unticked.
913 $mech->untick($name, $value)
915 Causes the checkbox to be unticked. Shorthand for
916 "tick($name,$value,undef)"
917 $mech->value( $name [, $number] )
919 Given the name of a field, return its value. This applies to the
920 current form.
921 The optional $number parameter is used to distinguish between two
923 fields with the same name. The fields are numbered from 1.
924 If the field is of type file (file upload field), the value is always
926 cleared to prevent remote sites from downloading your local files. To
927 upload a file, specify its file name explicitly.
928 $mech->click( $button [, $x, $y] )
930 Has the effect of clicking a button on the current form. The first
931 argument is the name of the button to be clicked. The second and third
932 arguments (optional) allow you to specify the (x,y) coordinates of the
933 click.
934 If there is only one button on the form, "$mech->click()" with no
936 arguments simply clicks that one button.
937 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
939 $mech->click_button( ... )
941 Has the effect of clicking a button on the current form by specifying
942 its name, value, or index. Its arguments are a list of key/value
943 pairs. Only one of name, number, input or value must be specified in
944 the keys.
945 · "name => name"
947 Clicks the button named name in the current form.
949 · "id => id"
951 Clicks the button with the id id in the current form.
953 · "number => n"
955 Clicks the nth button in the current form. Numbering starts at 1.
957 · "value => value"
959 Clicks the button with the value value in the current form.
961 · "input => $inputobject"
963 Clicks on the button referenced by $inputobject, an instance of
965 HTML::Form::SubmitInput obtained e.g. from
966 $mech->current_form()->find_input( undef, 'submit' )
968 $inputobject must belong to the current form.
970 · "x => x"
972 · "y => y"
974 These arguments (optional) allow you to specify the (x,y)
976 coordinates of the click.
977 $mech->submit()
979 Submits the current form, without specifying a button to click.
980 Actually, no button is clicked at all.
981 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
983 This used to be a synonym for "$mech->click( 'submit' )", but is no
985 longer so.
986 $mech->submit_form( ... )
988 This method lets you select a form from the previously fetched page,
989 fill in its fields, and submit it. It combines the
990 "form_number"/"form_name", "set_fields" and "click" methods into one
991 higher level call. Its arguments are a list of key/value pairs, all of
992 which are optional.
993 · "fields => \%fields"
995 Specifies the fields to be filled in the current form.
997 · "with_fields => \%fields"
999 Probably all you need for the common case. It combines a smart form
1001 selector and data setting in one operation. It selects the first
1002 form that contains all fields mentioned in "\%fields". This is
1003 nice because you don't need to know the name or number of the form
1004 to do this.
1005 (calls "form_with_fields()" and
1007 "set_fields()").
1008 If you choose "with_fields", the "fields" option will be ignored.
1010 The "form_number", "form_name" and "form_id" options will still be
1011 used. An exception will be thrown unless exactly one form matches
1012 all of the provided criteria.
1013 · "form_number => n"
1015 Selects the nth form (calls "form_number()". If this param is not
1017 specified, the currently-selected form is used.
1018 · "form_name => name"
1020 Selects the form named name (calls "form_name()")
1022 · "form_id => ID"
1024 Selects the form with ID ID (calls "form_id()")
1026 · "button => button"
1028 Clicks on button button (calls "click()")
1030 · "x => x, y => y"
1032 Sets the x or y values for "click()"
1034 · "strict_forms => bool"
1036 Sets the HTML::Form strict flag which causes form submission to
1038 croak if any of the passed fields don't exist on the page, and/or a
1039 value doesn't exist in a select element. By default HTML::Form
1040 sets this value to false.
1041 This behavior can also be turned on globally by passing
1043 "strict_forms => 1" to "WWW::Mechanize->new". If you do that, you
1044 can still disable it for individual calls by passing "strict_forms
1045 => 0" here.
1046 If no form is selected, the first form found is used.
1048 If button is not passed, then the "submit()" method is used instead.
1050 If you want to submit a file and get its content from a scalar rather
1052 than a file in the filesystem, you can use:
1053 $mech->submit_form(with_fields => { logfile => [ [ undef, 'whatever', Content => $content ], 1 ] } );
1055 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
1057
1059 $mech->add_header( name => $value [, name => $value... ] )
1060 Sets HTTP headers for the agent to add or remove from the HTTP request.
1061 $mech->add_header( Encoding => 'text/klingon' );
1063 If a value is "undef", then that header will be removed from any future
1065 requests. For example, to never send a Referer header:
1066 $mech->add_header( Referer => undef );
1068 If you want to delete a header, use "delete_header".
1070 Returns the number of name/value pairs added.
1072 NOTE: This method was very different in WWW::Mechanize before 1.00.
1074 Back then, the headers were stored in a package hash, not as a member
1075 of the object instance. Calling "add_header()" would modify the
1076 headers for every WWW::Mechanize object, even after your object no
1077 longer existed.
1078 $mech->delete_header( name [, name ... ] )
1080 Removes HTTP headers from the agent's list of special headers. For
1081 instance, you might need to do something like:
1082 # Don't send a Referer for this URL
1084 $mech->add_header( Referer => undef );
1085 # Get the URL
1087 $mech->get( $url );
1088 # Back to the default behavior
1090 $mech->delete_header( 'Referer' );
1091 $mech->quiet(true/false)
1093 Allows you to suppress warnings to the screen.
1094 $mech->quiet(0); # turns on warnings (the default)
1096 $mech->quiet(1); # turns off warnings
1097 $mech->quiet(); # returns the current quietness status
1098 $mech->stack_depth( $max_depth )
1100 Get or set the page stack depth. Use this if you're doing a lot of page
1101 scraping and running out of memory.
1102 A value of 0 means "no history at all." By default, the max stack
1104 depth is humongously large, effectively keeping all history.
1105 $mech->save_content( $filename, %opts )
1107 Dumps the contents of "$mech->content" into $filename. $filename will
1108 be overwritten. Dies if there are any errors.
1109 If the content type does not begin with "text/", then the content is
1111 saved in binary mode (i.e. "binmode()" is set on the output
1112 filehandle).
1113 Additional arguments can be passed as key/value pairs:
1115 $mech->save_content( $filename, binary => 1 )
1117 Filehandle is set with "binmode" to ":raw" and contents are taken
1118 calling "$self->content(decoded_by_headers => 1)". Same as calling:
1119 $mech->save_content( $filename, binmode => ':raw',
1121 decoded_by_headers => 1 );
1122 This should be the safest way to save contents verbatim.
1124 $mech->save_content( $filename, binmode => $binmode )
1126 Filehandle is set to binary mode. If $binmode begins with ':', it
1127 is passed as a parameter to "binmode":
1128 binmode $fh, $binmode;
1130 otherwise the filehandle is set to binary mode if $binmode is true:
1132 binmode $fh;
1134 all other arguments
1136 are passed as-is to "$mech->content(%opts)". In particular,
1137 "decoded_by_headers" might come handy if you want to revert the
1138 effect of line compression performed by the web server but without
1139 further interpreting the contents (e.g. decoding it according to
1140 the charset).
1141 $mech->dump_headers( [$fh] )
1143 Prints a dump of the HTTP response headers for the most recent
1144 response. If $fh is not specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1145 Unlike the rest of the dump_* methods, $fh can be a scalar. It will be
1147 used as a file name.
1148 $mech->dump_links( [[$fh], $absolute] )
1150 Prints a dump of the links on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1151 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1152 If $absolute is true, links displayed are absolute, not relative.
1154 $mech->dump_images( [[$fh], $absolute] )
1156 Prints a dump of the images on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1157 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1158 If $absolute is true, links displayed are absolute, not relative.
1160 The output will include empty lines for images that have no "src"
1162 attribute and therefore no "<-"url>>.
1163 $mech->dump_forms( [$fh] )
1165 Prints a dump of the forms on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1166 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT. Running the following:
1167 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new();
1169 $mech->get("https://www.google.com/");
1170 $mech->dump_forms;
1171 will print:
1173 GET https://www.google.com/search [f]
1175 ie=ISO-8859-1 (hidden readonly)
1176 hl=en (hidden readonly)
1177 source=hp (hidden readonly)
1178 biw= (hidden readonly)
1179 bih= (hidden readonly)
1180 q= (text)
1181 btnG=Google Search (submit)
1182 btnI=I'm Feeling Lucky (submit)
1183 gbv=1 (hidden readonly)
1184 $mech->dump_text( [$fh] )
1186 Prints a dump of the text on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1187 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1188
1190 $mech->clone()
1191 Clone the mech object. The clone will be using the same cookie jar as
1192 the original mech.
1193 $mech->redirect_ok()
1195 An overloaded version of "redirect_ok()" in LWP::UserAgent. This
1196 method is used to determine whether a redirection in the request should
1197 be followed.
1198 Note that WWW::Mechanize's constructor pushes POST on to the agent's
1200 "requests_redirectable" list.
1201 $mech->request( $request [, $arg [, $size]])
1203 Overloaded version of "request()" in LWP::UserAgent. Performs the
1204 actual request. Normally, if you're using WWW::Mechanize, it's because
1205 you don't want to deal with this level of stuff anyway.
1206 Note that $request will be modified.
1208 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
1210 $mech->update_html( $html )
1212 Allows you to replace the HTML that the mech has found. Updates the
1213 forms and links parse-trees that the mech uses internally.
1214 Say you have a page that you know has malformed output, and you want to
1216 update it so the links come out correctly:
1217 my $html = $mech->content;
1219 $html =~ s[</option>.{0,3}</td>][</option></select></td>]isg;
1220 $mech->update_html( $html );
1221 This method is also used internally by the mech itself to update its
1223 own HTML content when loading a page. This means that if you would like
1224 to systematically perform the above HTML substitution, you would
1225 overload update_html in a subclass thusly:
1226 package MyMech;
1228 use base 'WWW::Mechanize';
1229 sub update_html {
1231 my ($self, $html) = @_;
1232 $html =~ s[</option>.{0,3}</td>][</option></select></td>]isg;
1233 $self->WWW::Mechanize::update_html( $html );
1234 }
1235 If you do this, then the mech will use the tidied-up HTML instead of
1237 the original both when parsing for its own needs, and for returning to
1238 you through "content()".
1239 Overloading this method is also the recommended way of implementing
1241 extra validation steps (e.g. link checkers) for every HTML page
1242 received. "warn" and "die" would then come in handy to signal
1243 validation errors.
1244 $mech->credentials( $username, $password )
1246 Provide credentials to be used for HTTP Basic authentication for all
1247 sites and realms until further notice.
1248 The four argument form described in LWP::UserAgent is still supported.
1250 $mech->get_basic_credentials( $realm, $uri, $isproxy )
1252 Returns the credentials for the realm and URI.
1253 $mech->clear_credentials()
1255 Remove any credentials set up with "credentials()".
1256
1258 As a subclass of LWP::UserAgent, WWW::Mechanize inherits all of
1259 LWP::UserAgent's methods. Many of which are overridden or extended.
1260 The following methods are inherited unchanged. View the LWP::UserAgent
1261 documentation for their implementation descriptions.
1262 This is not meant to be an inclusive list. LWP::UA may have added
1264 others.
1265 $mech->head()
1267 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1268 $mech->mirror()
1270 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1271 $mech->simple_request()
1273 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1274 $mech->is_protocol_supported()
1276 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1277 $mech->prepare_request()
1279 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1280 $mech->progress()
1282 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1283
1285 These methods are only used internally. You probably don't need to
1286 know about them.
1287 $mech->_update_page($request, $response)
1289 Updates all internal variables in $mech as if $request was just
1290 performed, and returns $response. The page stack is not altered by this
1291 method, it is up to caller (e.g. "request") to do that.
1292 $mech->_modify_request( $req )
1294 Modifies a HTTP::Request before the request is sent out, for both GET
1295 and POST requests.
1296 We add a "Referer" header, as well as header to note that we can accept
1298 gzip encoded content, if Compress::Zlib is installed.
1299 $mech->_make_request()
1301 Convenience method to make it easier for subclasses like
1302 WWW::Mechanize::Cached to intercept the request.
1303 $mech->_reset_page()
1305 Resets the internal fields that track page parsed stuff.
1306 $mech->_extract_links()
1308 Extracts links from the content of a webpage, and populates the
1309 "{links}" property with WWW::Mechanize::Link objects.
1310 $mech->_push_page_stack()
1312 The agent keeps a stack of visited pages, which it can pop when it
1313 needs to go BACK and so on.
1314 The current page needs to be pushed onto the stack before we get a new
1316 page, and the stack needs to be popped when BACK occurs.
1317 Neither of these take any arguments, they just operate on the $mech
1319 object.
1320 warn( @messages )
1322 Centralized warning method, for diagnostics and non-fatal problems.
1323 Defaults to calling "CORE::warn", but may be overridden by setting
1324 "onwarn" in the constructor.
1325 die( @messages )
1327 Centralized error method. Defaults to calling "CORE::die", but may be
1328 overridden by setting "onerror" in the constructor.
1329
1331 The default settings can get you up and running quickly, but there are
1332 settings you can change in order to make your life easier.
1333 autocheck
1335 "autocheck" can save you the overhead of checking status codes for
1336 success. You may outgrow it as your needs get more sophisticated,
1337 but it's a safe option to start with.
1338 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( autocheck => 1 );
1340 cookie_jar
1342 You are encouraged to install Mozilla::PublicSuffix and use
1343 HTTP::CookieJar::LWP as your cookie jar. HTTP::CookieJar::LWP
1344 provides a better security model matching that of current Web
1345 browsers when Mozilla::PublicSuffix is installed.
1346 use HTTP::CookieJar::LWP ();
1348 my $jar = HTTP::CookieJar::LWP->new;
1350 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( cookie_jar => $jar );
1351 protocols_allowed
1353 This option is inherited directly from LWP::UserAgent. It allows
1354 you to whitelist the protocols you're willing to allow.
1355 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new(
1357 protocols_allowed => [ 'http', 'https' ]
1358 );
1359 This will prevent you from inadvertently following URLs like
1361 "file:///etc/passwd"
1362 protocols_forbidden
1364 This option is also inherited directly from LWP::UserAgent. It
1365 allows you to blacklist the protocols you're unwilling to allow.
1366 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new(
1368 protocols_forbidden => [ 'file', 'mailto', 'ssh', ]
1369 );
1370 This will prevent you from inadvertently following URLs like
1372 "file:///etc/passwd"
1373 strict_forms
1375 Consider turning on the "strict_forms" option when you create a new
1376 Mech. This will perform a helpful sanity check on form fields
1377 every time you are submitting a form, which can save you a lot of
1378 debugging time.
1379 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( strict_forms => 1 );
1381 If you do not want to have this option globally, you can still turn
1383 it on for individual forms.
1384 $agent->submit_form( fields => { foo => 'bar' } , strict_forms => 1 );
1386
1388 WWW::Mechanize is hosted at GitHub.
1389 Repository: <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize>. Bugs:
1391 <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize/issues>.
1392
1394 Spidering Hacks, by Kevin Hemenway and Tara Calishain
1395 Spidering Hacks from O'Reilly
1396 (<http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/spiderhks/>) is a great book for
1397 anyone wanting to know more about screen-scraping and spidering.
1398 There are six hacks that use Mech or a Mech derivative:
1400 #21 WWW::Mechanize 101
1402 #22 Scraping with WWW::Mechanize
1403 #36 Downloading Images from Webshots
1404 #44 Archiving Yahoo! Groups Messages with WWW::Yahoo::Groups
1405 #64 Super Author Searching
1406 #73 Scraping TV Listings
1407 The book was also positively reviewed on Slashdot:
1409 <http://books.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=03/12/11/2126256>
1410
1412 · WWW::Mechanize mailing list
1413 The Mech mailing list is at
1415 <http://groups.google.com/group/www-mechanize-users> and is
1416 specific to Mechanize, unlike the LWP mailing list below. Although
1417 it is a users list, all development discussion takes place here,
1418 too.
1419 · LWP mailing list
1421 The LWP mailing list is at
1423 <http://lists.perl.org/showlist.cgi?name=libwww>, and is more user-
1424 oriented and well-populated than the WWW::Mechanize list.
1425 · Perlmonks
1427 <http://perlmonks.org> is an excellent community of support, and
1429 many questions about Mech have already been answered there.
1430 · WWW::Mechanize::Examples
1432 A random array of examples submitted by users, included with the
1434 Mechanize distribution.
1435
1437 · <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/wa-perlsecure/>
1438 IBM article "Secure Web site access with Perl"
1440 · <http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/googlehks2/chapter/hack84.pdf>
1442 Leland Johnson's hack #84 in Google Hacks, 2nd Edition is an
1444 example of a production script that uses WWW::Mechanize and
1445 HTML::TableContentParser. It takes in keywords and returns the
1446 estimated price of these keywords on Google's AdWords program.
1447 · <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2004/06/04/recorder.html>
1449 Linda Julien writes about using HTTP::Recorder to create
1451 WWW::Mechanize scripts.
1452 · <http://www.developer.com/lang/other/article.php/3454041>
1454 Jason Gilmore's article on using WWW::Mechanize for scraping sales
1456 information from Amazon and eBay.
1457 · <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2003/01/22/mechanize.html>
1459 Chris Ball's article about using WWW::Mechanize for scraping TV
1461 listings.
1462 · <http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/LinuxMag/col47.html>
1464 Randal Schwartz's article on scraping Yahoo News for images. It's
1466 already out of date: He manually walks the list of links hunting
1467 for matches, which wouldn't have been necessary if the
1468 "find_link()" method existed at press time.
1469 · <http://www.perladvent.org/2002/16th/>
1471 WWW::Mechanize on the Perl Advent Calendar, by Mark Fowler.
1473 · <http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2004/03/datenruessel/>
1475 Michael Schilli's article on Mech and WWW::Mechanize::Shell for the
1477 German magazine Linux Magazin.
1478 Other modules that use Mechanize
1480 Here are modules that use or subclass Mechanize. Let me know of any
1481 others:
1482 · Finance::Bank::LloydsTSB
1484 · HTTP::Recorder
1486 Acts as a proxy for web interaction, and then generates
1488 WWW::Mechanize scripts.
1489 · Win32::IE::Mechanize
1491 Just like Mech, but using Microsoft Internet Explorer to do the
1493 work.
1494 · WWW::Bugzilla
1496 · WWW::CheckSite
1498 · WWW::Google::Groups
1500 · WWW::Hotmail
1502 · WWW::Mechanize::Cached
1504 · WWW::Mechanize::Cached::GZip
1506 · WWW::Mechanize::FormFiller
1508 · WWW::Mechanize::Shell
1510 · WWW::Mechanize::Sleepy
1512 · WWW::Mechanize::SpamCop
1514 · WWW::Mechanize::Timed
1516 · WWW::SourceForge
1518 · WWW::Yahoo::Groups
1520 · WWW::Scripter
1522
1524 Thanks to the numerous people who have helped out on WWW::Mechanize in
1525 one way or another, including Kirrily Robert for the original
1526 "WWW::Automate", Lyle Hopkins, Damien Clark, Ansgar Burchardt, Gisle
1527 Aas, Jeremy Ary, Hilary Holz, Rafael Kitover, Norbert Buchmuller, Dave
1528 Page, David Sainty, H.Merijn Brand, Matt Lawrence, Michael Schwern,
1529 Adriano Ferreira, Miyagawa, Peteris Krumins, Rafael Kitover, David
1530 Steinbrunner, Kevin Falcone, Mike O'Regan, Mark Stosberg, Uri Guttman,
1531 Peter Scott, Philippe Bruhat, Ian Langworth, John Beppu, Gavin Estey,
1532 Jim Brandt, Ask Bjoern Hansen, Greg Davies, Ed Silva, Mark-Jason
1533 Dominus, Autrijus Tang, Mark Fowler, Stuart Children, Max Maischein,
1534 Meng Wong, Prakash Kailasa, Abigail, Jan Pazdziora, Dominique
1535 Quatravaux, Scott Lanning, Rob Casey, Leland Johnson, Joshua Gatcomb,
1536 Julien Beasley, Abe Timmerman, Peter Stevens, Pete Krawczyk, Tad
1537 McClellan, and the late great Iain Truskett.
1538
1540 Andy Lester <andy at petdance.com>
1541
1543 This software is copyright (c) 2004 by Andy Lester.
1544 This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
1546 the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
1547perl v5.32.0 2020-07-28 WWW::Mechanize(3)