1WWW::Mechanize(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation WWW::Mechanize(3)
2
6 WWW::Mechanize - Handy web browsing in a Perl object
7
9 version 2.03
10
12 WWW::Mechanize supports performing a sequence of page fetches including
13 following links and submitting forms. Each fetched page is parsed and
14 its links and forms are extracted. A link or a form can be selected,
15 form fields can be filled and the next page can be fetched. Mech also
16 stores a history of the URLs you've visited, which can be queried and
17 revisited.
18 use WWW::Mechanize ();
20 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new();
21 $mech->get( $url );
23 $mech->follow_link( n => 3 );
25 $mech->follow_link( text_regex => qr/download this/i );
26 $mech->follow_link( url => 'http://host.com/index.html' );
27 $mech->submit_form(
29 form_number => 3,
30 fields => {
31 username => 'mungo',
32 password => 'lost-and-alone',
33 }
34 );
35 $mech->submit_form(
37 form_name => 'search',
38 fields => { query => 'pot of gold', },
39 button => 'Search Now'
40 );
41 # Enable strict form processing to catch typos and non-existant form fields.
43 my $strict_mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( strict_forms => 1);
44 $strict_mech->get( $url );
46 # This method call will die, saving you lots of time looking for the bug.
48 $strict_mech->submit_form(
49 form_number => 3,
50 fields => {
51 usernaem => 'mungo', # typo in field name
52 password => 'lost-and-alone',
53 extra_field => 123, # field does not exist
54 }
55 );
56
58 "WWW::Mechanize", or Mech for short, is a Perl module for stateful
59 programmatic web browsing, used for automating interaction with
60 websites.
61 Features include:
63 • All HTTP methods
65 • High-level hyperlink and HTML form support, without having to parse
67 HTML yourself
68 • SSL support
70 • Automatic cookies
72 • Custom HTTP headers
74 • Automatic handling of redirections
76 • Proxies
78 • HTTP authentication
80 Mech is well suited for use in testing web applications. If you use
82 one of the Test::*, like Test::HTML::Lint modules, you can check the
83 fetched content and use that as input to a test call.
84 use Test::More;
86 like( $mech->content(), qr/$expected/, "Got expected content" );
87 Each page fetch stores its URL in a history stack which you can
89 traverse.
90 $mech->back();
92 If you want finer control over your page fetching, you can use these
94 methods. "follow_link" and "submit_form" are just high level wrappers
95 around them.
96 $mech->find_link( n => $number );
98 $mech->form_number( $number );
99 $mech->form_name( $name );
100 $mech->field( $name, $value );
101 $mech->set_fields( %field_values );
102 $mech->set_visible( @criteria );
103 $mech->click( $button );
104 WWW::Mechanize is a proper subclass of LWP::UserAgent and you can also
106 use any of LWP::UserAgent's methods.
107 $mech->add_header($name => $value);
109 Please note that Mech does NOT support JavaScript, you need additional
111 software for that. Please check "JavaScript" in WWW::Mechanize::FAQ for
112 more.
113
115 • <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize/issues>
116 The queue for bugs & enhancements in WWW::Mechanize. Please note
118 that the queue at <http://rt.cpan.org> is no longer maintained.
119 • <https://metacpan.org/pod/WWW::Mechanize>
121 The CPAN documentation page for Mechanize.
123 • <https://metacpan.org/pod/distribution/WWW-Mechanize/lib/WWW/Mechanize/FAQ.pod>
125 Frequently asked questions. Make sure you read here FIRST.
127
129 new()
130 Creates and returns a new WWW::Mechanize object, hereafter referred to
131 as the "agent".
132 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new()
134 The constructor for WWW::Mechanize overrides two of the params to the
136 LWP::UserAgent constructor:
137 agent => 'WWW-Mechanize/#.##'
139 cookie_jar => {} # an empty, memory-only HTTP::Cookies object
140 You can override these overrides by passing params to the constructor,
142 as in:
143 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( agent => 'wonderbot 1.01' );
145 If you want none of the overhead of a cookie jar, or don't want your
147 bot accepting cookies, you have to explicitly disallow it, like so:
148 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( cookie_jar => undef );
150 Here are the params that WWW::Mechanize recognizes. These do not
152 include params that LWP::UserAgent recognizes.
153 • "autocheck => [0|1]"
155 Checks each request made to see if it was successful. This saves
157 you the trouble of manually checking yourself. Any errors found
158 are errors, not warnings.
159 The default value is ON, unless it's being subclassed, in which
161 case it is OFF. This means that standalone WWW::Mechanize
162 instances have autocheck turned on, which is protective for the
163 vast majority of Mech users who don't bother checking the return
164 value of get() and post() and can't figure why their code fails.
165 However, if WWW::Mechanize is subclassed, such as for
166 Test::WWW::Mechanize or Test::WWW::Mechanize::Catalyst, this may
167 not be an appropriate default, so it's off.
168 • "noproxy => [0|1]"
170 Turn off the automatic call to the LWP::UserAgent "env_proxy"
172 function.
173 This needs to be explicitly turned off if you're using
175 Crypt::SSLeay to access a https site via a proxy server. Note: you
176 still need to set your HTTPS_PROXY environment variable as
177 appropriate.
178 • "onwarn => \&func"
180 Reference to a "warn"-compatible function, such as "Carp::carp",
182 that is called when a warning needs to be shown.
183 If this is set to "undef", no warnings will ever be shown.
185 However, it's probably better to use the "quiet" method to control
186 that behavior.
187 If this value is not passed, Mech uses "Carp::carp" if Carp is
189 installed, or "CORE::warn" if not.
190 • "onerror => \&func"
192 Reference to a "die"-compatible function, such as "Carp::croak",
194 that is called when there's a fatal error.
195 If this is set to "undef", no errors will ever be shown.
197 If this value is not passed, Mech uses "Carp::croak" if Carp is
199 installed, or "CORE::die" if not.
200 • "quiet => [0|1]"
202 Don't complain on warnings. Setting "quiet => 1" is the same as
204 calling "$mech->quiet(1)". Default is off.
205 • "stack_depth => $value"
207 Sets the depth of the page stack that keeps track of all the
209 downloaded pages. Default is effectively infinite stack size. If
210 the stack is eating up your memory, then set this to a smaller
211 number, say 5 or 10. Setting this to zero means Mech will keep no
212 history.
213 In addition, WWW::Mechanize also allows you to globally enable strict
215 and verbose mode for form handling, which is done with HTML::Form.
216 • "strict_forms => [0|1]"
218 Globally sets the HTML::Form strict flag which causes form
220 submission to croak if any of the passed fields don't exist in the
221 form, and/or a value doesn't exist in a select element. This can
222 still be disabled in individual calls to "submit_form()".
223 Default is off.
225 • "verbose_forms => [0|1]"
227 Globally sets the HTML::Form verbose flag which causes form
229 submission to warn about any bad HTML form constructs found. This
230 cannot be disabled later.
231 Default is off.
233 • "marked_sections => [0|1]"
235 Globally sets the HTML::Parser marked sections flag which causes
237 HTML "CDATA[[" sections to be honoured. This cannot be disabled
238 later.
239 Default is on.
241 To support forms, WWW::Mechanize's constructor pushes POST on to the
243 agent's "requests_redirectable" list (see also LWP::UserAgent.)
244 $mech->agent_alias( $alias )
246 Sets the user agent string to the expanded version from a table of
247 actual user strings. $alias can be one of the following:
248 • Windows IE 6
250 • Windows Mozilla
252 • Mac Safari
254 • Mac Mozilla
256 • Linux Mozilla
258 • Linux Konqueror
260 then it will be replaced with a more interesting one. For instance,
262 $mech->agent_alias( 'Windows IE 6' );
264 sets your User-Agent to
266 Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
268 The list of valid aliases can be returned from "known_agent_aliases()".
270 The current list is:
271 • Windows IE 6
273 • Windows Mozilla
275 • Mac Safari
277 • Mac Mozilla
279 • Linux Mozilla
281 • Linux Konqueror
283 known_agent_aliases()
285 Returns a list of all the agent aliases that Mech knows about.
286
288 $mech->get( $uri )
289 Given a URL/URI, fetches it. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri
290 can be a well-formed URL string, a URI object, or a
291 WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
292 The results are stored internally in the agent object, but you don't
294 know that. Just use the accessors listed below. Poking at the
295 internals is deprecated and subject to change in the future.
296 "get()" is a well-behaved overloaded version of the method in
298 LWP::UserAgent. This lets you do things like
299 $mech->get( $uri, ':content_file' => $tempfile );
301 and you can rest assured that the params will get filtered down
303 appropriately.
304 NOTE: Because ":content_file" causes the page contents to be stored in
306 a file instead of the response object, some Mech functions that expect
307 it to be there won't work as expected. Use with caution.
308 $mech->post( $uri, content => $content )
310 POSTs $content to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be
311 a well-formed URI string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link
312 object.
313 $mech->put( $uri, content => $content )
315 PUTs $content to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be
316 a well-formed URI string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link
317 object.
318 $mech->reload()
320 Acts like the reload button in a browser: repeats the current request.
321 The history (as per the back() method) is not altered.
322 Returns the HTTP::Response object from the reload, or "undef" if
324 there's no current request.
325 $mech->back()
327 The equivalent of hitting the "back" button in a browser. Returns to
328 the previous page. Won't go back past the first page. (Really, what
329 would it do if it could?)
330 Returns true if it could go back, or false if not.
332 $mech->clear_history()
334 This deletes all the history entries and returns true.
335 $mech->history_count()
337 This returns the number of items in the browser history. This number
338 does include the most recently made request.
339 $mech->history($n)
341 This returns the nth item in history. The 0th item is the most recent
342 request and response, which would be acted on by methods like
343 "find_link()". The 1st item is the state you'd return to if you called
344 "back()".
345 The maximum useful value for $n is "$mech->history_count - 1".
347 Requests beyond that bound will return "undef".
348 History items are returned as hash references, in the form:
350 { req => $http_request, res => $http_response }
352
354 $mech->success()
355 Returns a boolean telling whether the last request was successful. If
356 there hasn't been an operation yet, returns false.
357 This is a convenience function that wraps "$mech->res->is_success".
359 $mech->uri()
361 Returns the current URI as a URI object. This object stringifies to the
362 URI itself.
363 $mech->response() / $mech->res()
365 Return the current response as an HTTP::Response object.
366 Synonym for "$mech->response()"
368 $mech->status()
370 Returns the HTTP status code of the response. This is a 3-digit number
371 like 200 for OK, 404 for not found, and so on.
372 $mech->ct() / $mech->content_type()
374 Returns the content type of the response.
375 $mech->base()
377 Returns the base URI for the current response
378 $mech->forms()
380 When called in a list context, returns a list of the forms found in the
381 last fetched page. In a scalar context, returns a reference to an array
382 with those forms. The forms returned are all HTML::Form objects.
383 $mech->current_form()
385 Returns the current form as an HTML::Form object.
386 $mech->links()
388 When called in a list context, returns a list of the links found in the
389 last fetched page. In a scalar context it returns a reference to an
390 array with those links. Each link is a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
391 $mech->is_html()
393 Returns true/false on whether our content is HTML, according to the
394 HTTP headers.
395 $mech->title()
397 Returns the contents of the "<TITLE>" tag, as parsed by
398 HTML::HeadParser. Returns undef if the content is not HTML.
399 $mech->redirects()
401 Convenience method to get the redirects from the most recent
402 HTTP::Response.
403 Note that you can also use is_redirect to see if the most recent
405 response was a redirect like this.
406 $mech->get($url);
408 do_stuff() if $mech->res->is_redirect;
409
411 $mech->content(...)
412 Returns the content that the mech uses internally for the last page
413 fetched. Ordinarily this is the same as
414 "$mech->response()->decoded_content()", but this may differ for HTML
415 documents if update_html is overloaded (in which case the value passed
416 to the base-class implementation of same will be returned), and/or
417 extra named arguments are passed to content():
418 $mech->content( format => 'text' )
420 Returns a text-only version of the page, with all HTML markup
421 stripped. This feature requires HTML::TreeBuilder version 5 or higher
422 to be installed, or a fatal error will be thrown. This works only if
423 the contents are HTML.
424 $mech->content( base_href => [$base_href|undef] )
426 Returns the HTML document, modified to contain a "<base
427 href="$base_href">" mark-up in the header. $base_href is
428 "$mech->base()" if not specified. This is handy to pass the HTML to
429 e.g. HTML::Display. This works only if the contents are HTML.
430 $mech->content( raw => 1 )
432 Returns "$self->response()->content()", i.e. the raw contents from
433 the response.
434 $mech->content( decoded_by_headers => 1 )
436 Returns the content after applying all "Content-Encoding" headers but
437 with not additional mangling.
438 $mech->content( charset => $charset )
440 Returns "$self->response()->decoded_content(charset => $charset)"
441 (see HTTP::Response for details).
442 To preserve backwards compatibility, additional parameters will be
444 ignored unless none of "raw | decoded_by_headers | charset" is
445 specified and the text is HTML, in which case an error will be
446 triggered.
447 A fresh instance of WWW::Mechanize will return "undef" when
449 "$mech->content()" is called, because no content is present before a
450 request has been made.
451 $mech->text()
453 Returns the text of the current HTML content. If the content isn't
454 HTML, $mech will die.
455 The text is extracted by parsing the content, and then the extracted
457 text is cached, so don't worry about performance of calling this
458 repeatedly.
459
461 $mech->links()
462 Lists all the links on the current page. Each link is a
463 WWW::Mechanize::Link object. In list context, returns a list of all
464 links. In scalar context, returns an array reference of all links.
465 $mech->follow_link(...)
467 Follows a specified link on the page. You specify the match to be
468 found using the same params that "find_link()" uses.
469 Here some examples:
471 • 3rd link called "download"
473 $mech->follow_link( text => 'download', n => 3 );
475 • first link where the URL has "download" in it, regardless of case:
477 $mech->follow_link( url_regex => qr/download/i );
479 or
481 $mech->follow_link( url_regex => qr/(?i:download)/ );
483 • 3rd link on the page
485 $mech->follow_link( n => 3 );
487 • the link with the url
489 $mech->follow_link( url => '/other/page' );
491 or
493 $mech->follow_link( url => 'http://example.com/page' );
495 Returns the result of the "GET" method (an HTTP::Response object) if a
497 link was found.
498 If the page has no links, or the specified link couldn't be found,
500 returns "undef". If "autocheck" is enabled an exception will be thrown
501 instead.
502 $mech->find_link( ... )
504 Finds a link in the currently fetched page. It returns a
505 WWW::Mechanize::Link object which describes the link. (You'll probably
506 be most interested in the "url()" property.) If it fails to find a
507 link it returns undef.
508 You can take the URL part and pass it to the "get()" method. If that's
510 your plan, you might as well use the "follow_link()" method directly,
511 since it does the "get()" for you automatically.
512 Note that "<FRAME SRC="...">" tags are parsed out of the HTML and
514 treated as links so this method works with them.
515 You can select which link to find by passing in one or more of these
517 key/value pairs:
518 • "text => 'string'," and "text_regex => qr/regex/,"
520 "text" matches the text of the link against string, which must be
522 an exact match. To select a link with text that is exactly
523 "download", use
524 $mech->find_link( text => 'download' );
526 "text_regex" matches the text of the link against regex. To select
528 a link with text that has "download" anywhere in it, regardless of
529 case, use
530 $mech->find_link( text_regex => qr/download/i );
532 Note that the text extracted from the page's links are trimmed.
534 For example, "<a> foo </a>" is stored as 'foo', and searching for
535 leading or trailing spaces will fail.
536 • "url => 'string'," and "url_regex => qr/regex/,"
538 Matches the URL of the link against string or regex, as
540 appropriate. The URL may be a relative URL, like foo/bar.html,
541 depending on how it's coded on the page.
542 • "url_abs => string" and "url_abs_regex => regex"
544 Matches the absolute URL of the link against string or regex, as
546 appropriate. The URL will be an absolute URL, even if it's
547 relative in the page.
548 • "name => string" and "name_regex => regex"
550 Matches the name of the link against string or regex, as
552 appropriate.
553 • "rel => string" and "rel_regex => regex"
555 Matches the rel of the link against string or regex, as
557 appropriate. This can be used to find stylesheets, favicons, or
558 links the author of the page does not want bots to follow.
559 • "id => string" and "id_regex => regex"
561 Matches the attribute 'id' of the link against string or regex, as
563 appropriate.
564 • "class => string" and "class_regex => regex"
566 Matches the attribute 'class' of the link against string or regex,
568 as appropriate.
569 • "tag => string" and "tag_regex => regex"
571 Matches the tag that the link came from against string or regex, as
573 appropriate. The "tag_regex" is probably most useful to check for
574 more than one tag, as in:
575 $mech->find_link( tag_regex => qr/^(a|frame)$/ );
577 The tags and attributes looked at are defined below.
579 If "n" is not specified, it defaults to 1. Therefore, if you don't
581 specify any params, this method defaults to finding the first link on
582 the page.
583 Note that you can specify multiple text or URL parameters, which will
585 be ANDed together. For example, to find the first link with text of
586 "News" and with "cnn.com" in the URL, use:
587 $mech->find_link( text => 'News', url_regex => qr/cnn\.com/ );
589 The return value is a reference to an array containing a
591 WWW::Mechanize::Link object for every link in "$self->content".
592 The links come from the following:
594 "<a href=...>"
596 "<area href=...>"
597 "<frame src=...>"
598 "<iframe src=...>"
599 "<link href=...>"
600 "<meta content=...>"
601 $mech->find_all_links( ... )
603 Returns all the links on the current page that match the criteria. The
604 method for specifying link criteria is the same as in "find_link()".
605 Each of the links returned is a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
606 In list context, "find_all_links()" returns a list of the links.
608 Otherwise, it returns a reference to the list of links.
609 "find_all_links()" with no parameters returns all links in the page.
611 $mech->find_all_inputs( ... criteria ... )
613 find_all_inputs() returns an array of all the input controls in the
614 current form whose properties match all of the regexes passed in. The
615 controls returned are all descended from HTML::Form::Input. See
616 "INPUTS" in HTML::Form for details.
617 If no criteria are passed, all inputs will be returned.
619 If there is no current page, there is no form on the current page, or
621 there are no submit controls in the current form then the return will
622 be an empty array.
623 You may use a regex or a literal string:
625 # get all textarea controls whose names begin with "customer"
627 my @customer_text_inputs = $mech->find_all_inputs(
628 type => 'textarea',
629 name_regex => qr/^customer/,
630 );
631 # get all text or textarea controls called "customer"
633 my @customer_text_inputs = $mech->find_all_inputs(
634 type_regex => qr/^(text|textarea)$/,
635 name => 'customer',
636 );
637 $mech->find_all_submits( ... criteria ... )
639 "find_all_submits()" does the same thing as "find_all_inputs()" except
640 that it only returns controls that are submit controls, ignoring other
641 types of input controls like text and checkboxes.
642
644 $mech->images
645 Lists all the images on the current page. Each image is a
646 WWW::Mechanize::Image object. In list context, returns a list of all
647 images. In scalar context, returns an array reference of all images.
648 $mech->find_image()
650 Finds an image in the current page. It returns a WWW::Mechanize::Image
651 object which describes the image. If it fails to find an image it
652 returns undef.
653 You can select which image to find by passing in one or more of these
655 key/value pairs:
656 • "alt => 'string'" and "alt_regex => qr/regex/"
658 "alt" matches the ALT attribute of the image against string, which
660 must be an exact match. To select a image with an ALT tag that is
661 exactly "download", use
662 $mech->find_image( alt => 'download' );
664 "alt_regex" matches the ALT attribute of the image against a
666 regular expression. To select an image with an ALT attribute that
667 has "download" anywhere in it, regardless of case, use
668 $mech->find_image( alt_regex => qr/download/i );
670 • "url => 'string'" and "url_regex => qr/regex/"
672 Matches the URL of the image against string or regex, as
674 appropriate. The URL may be a relative URL, like foo/bar.html,
675 depending on how it's coded on the page.
676 • "url_abs => string" and "url_abs_regex => regex"
678 Matches the absolute URL of the image against string or regex, as
680 appropriate. The URL will be an absolute URL, even if it's
681 relative in the page.
682 • "tag => string" and "tag_regex => regex"
684 Matches the tag that the image came from against string or regex,
686 as appropriate. The "tag_regex" is probably most useful to check
687 for more than one tag, as in:
688 $mech->find_image( tag_regex => qr/^(img|input)$/ );
690 The tags supported are "<img>" and "<input>".
692 • "id => string" and "id_regex => regex"
694 "id" matches the id attribute of the image against string, which
696 must be an exact match. To select an image with the exact id
697 "download-image", use
698 $mech->find_image( id => 'download-image' );
700 "id_regex" matches the id attribute of the image against a regular
702 expression. To select the first image with an id that contains
703 "download" anywhere in it, use
704 $mech->find_image( id_regex => qr/download/ );
706 • "classs => string" and "class_regex => regex"
708 "class" matches the class attribute of the image against string,
710 which must be an exact match. To select an image with the exact
711 class "img-fuid", use
712 $mech->find_image( class => 'img-fluid' );
714 To select an image with the class attribute "rounded float-left",
716 use
717 $mech->find_image( class => 'rounded float-left' );
719 Note that the classes have to be matched as a complete string, in
721 the exact order they appear in the website's source code.
722 "class_regex" matches the class attribute of the image against a
724 regular expression. Use this if you want a partial class name, or
725 if an image has several classes, but you only care about one.
726 To select the first image with the class "rounded", where there are
728 multiple images that might also have either class "float-left" or
729 "float-right", use
730 $mech->find_image( class_regex => qr/\brounded\b/ );
732 Selecting an image with multiple classes where you do not care
734 about the order they appear in the website's source code is not
735 currently supported.
736 If "n" is not specified, it defaults to 1. Therefore, if you don't
738 specify any params, this method defaults to finding the first image on
739 the page.
740 Note that you can specify multiple ALT or URL parameters, which will be
742 ANDed together. For example, to find the first image with ALT text of
743 "News" and with "cnn.com" in the URL, use:
744 $mech->find_image( image => 'News', url_regex => qr/cnn\.com/ );
746 The return value is a reference to an array containing a
748 WWW::Mechanize::Image object for every image in "$self->content".
749 $mech->find_all_images( ... )
751 Returns all the images on the current page that match the criteria.
752 The method for specifying image criteria is the same as in
753 "find_image()". Each of the images returned is a WWW::Mechanize::Image
754 object.
755 In list context, "find_all_images()" returns a list of the images.
757 Otherwise, it returns a reference to the list of images.
758 "find_all_images()" with no parameters returns all images in the page.
760
762 These methods let you work with the forms on a page. The idea is to
763 choose a form that you'll later work with using the field methods
764 below.
765 $mech->forms
767 Lists all the forms on the current page. Each form is an HTML::Form
768 object. In list context, returns a list of all forms. In scalar
769 context, returns an array reference of all forms.
770 $mech->form_number($number)
772 Selects the numberth form on the page as the target for subsequent
773 calls to "field()" and "click()". Also returns the form that was
774 selected.
775 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
777 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
778 "click()". When called in a list context, the number of the found form
779 is also returned as a second value.
780 Emits a warning and returns undef if no form is found.
782 The first form is number 1, not zero.
784 $mech->form_name( $name )
786 Selects a form by name. If there is more than one form on the page
787 with that name, then the first one is used, and a warning is generated.
788 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
790 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
791 "click()".
792 Returns undef if no form is found.
794 $mech->form_id( $name )
796 Selects a form by ID. If there is more than one form on the page with
797 that ID, then the first one is used, and a warning is generated.
798 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
800 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
801 "click()".
802 If no form is found it returns "undef". This will also trigger a
804 warning, unless "quiet" is enabled.
805 $mech->all_forms_with_fields( @fields )
807 Selects a form by passing in a list of field names it must contain.
808 All matching forms (perhaps none) are returned as a list of HTML::Form
809 objects.
810 $mech->form_with_fields( @fields )
812 Selects a form by passing in a list of field names it must contain. If
813 there is more than one form on the page with that matches, then the
814 first one is used, and a warning is generated.
815 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
817 internally for later used with Mech's form methods such as "field()"
818 and "click()".
819 Returns undef and emits a warning if no form is found.
821 Note that this functionality requires libwww-perl 5.69 or higher.
823 $mech->all_forms_with( $attr1 => $value1, $attr2 => $value2, ... )
825 Searches for forms with arbitrary attribute/value pairs within the
826 <form> tag. (Currently does not work for attribute "action" due to
827 implementation details of HTML::Form.) When given more than one pair,
828 all criteria must match. Using "undef" as value means that the
829 attribute in question must not be present.
830 All matching forms (perhaps none) are returned as a list of HTML::Form
832 objects.
833 $mech->form_with( $attr1 => $value1, $attr2 => $value2, ... )
835 Searches for forms with arbitrary attribute/value pairs within the
836 <form> tag. (Currently does not work for attribute "action" due to
837 implementation details of HTML::Form.) When given more than one pair,
838 all criteria must match. Using "undef" as value means that the
839 attribute in question must not be present.
840 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
842 internally for later used with Mech's form methods such as "field()"
843 and "click()".
844 Returns undef if no form is found.
846
848 These methods allow you to set the values of fields in a given form.
849 $mech->field( $name, $value, $number )
851 $mech->field( $name, \@values, $number )
852 Given the name of a field, set its value to the value specified. This
853 applies to the current form (as set by the "form_name()" or
854 "form_number()" method or defaulting to the first form on the page).
855 The optional $number parameter is used to distinguish between two
857 fields with the same name. The fields are numbered from 1.
858 $mech->select($name, $value)
860 $mech->select($name, \@values)
861 Given the name of a "select" field, set its value to the value
862 specified. If the field is not "<select multiple>" and the $value is
863 an array, only the first value will be set. [Note: the documentation
864 previously claimed that only the last value would be set, but this was
865 incorrect.] Passing $value as a hash with an "n" key selects an item
866 by number (e.g. "{n => 3}" or "{n => [2,4]}"). The numbering starts
867 at 1. This applies to the current form.
868 If you have a field with "<select multiple>" and you pass a single
870 $value, then $value will be added to the list of fields selected,
871 without clearing the others. However, if you pass an array reference,
872 then all previously selected values will be cleared.
873 Returns true on successfully setting the value. On failure, returns
875 false and calls "$self->warn()" with an error message.
876 $mech->set_fields( $name => $value ... )
878 This method sets multiple fields of the current form. It takes a list
879 of field name and value pairs. If there is more than one field with the
880 same name, the first one found is set. If you want to select which of
881 the duplicate field to set, use a value which is an anonymous array
882 which has the field value and its number as the 2 elements.
883 # set the second foo field
885 $mech->set_fields( $name => [ 'foo', 2 ] );
886 The fields are numbered from 1.
888 This applies to the current form.
890 $mech->set_visible( @criteria )
892 This method sets fields of the current form without having to know
893 their names. So if you have a login screen that wants a username and
894 password, you do not have to fetch the form and inspect the source (or
895 use the mech-dump utility, installed with WWW::Mechanize) to see what
896 the field names are; you can just say
897 $mech->set_visible( $username, $password );
899 and the first and second fields will be set accordingly. The method is
901 called set_visible because it acts only on visible fields; hidden form
902 inputs are not considered. The order of the fields is the order in
903 which they appear in the HTML source which is nearly always the order
904 anyone viewing the page would think they are in, but some creative work
905 with tables could change that; caveat user.
906 Each element in @criteria is either a field value or a field specifier.
908 A field value is a scalar. A field specifier allows you to specify the
909 type of input field you want to set and is denoted with an arrayref
910 containing two elements. So you could specify the first radio button
911 with
912 $mech->set_visible( [ radio => 'KCRW' ] );
914 Field values and specifiers can be intermixed, hence
916 $mech->set_visible( 'fred', 'secret', [ option => 'Checking' ] );
918 would set the first two fields to "fred" and "secret", and the next
920 "OPTION" menu field to "Checking".
921 The possible field specifier types are: "text", "password", "hidden",
923 "textarea", "file", "image", "submit", "radio", "checkbox" and
924 "option".
925 "set_visible" returns the number of values set.
927 $mech->tick( $name, $value [, $set] )
929 "Ticks" the first checkbox that has both the name and value associated
930 with it on the current form. Dies if there is no named check box for
931 that value. Passing in a false value as the third optional argument
932 will cause the checkbox to be unticked.
933 $mech->untick($name, $value)
935 Causes the checkbox to be unticked. Shorthand for
936 "tick($name,$value,undef)"
937 $mech->value( $name [, $number] )
939 Given the name of a field, return its value. This applies to the
940 current form.
941 The optional $number parameter is used to distinguish between two
943 fields with the same name. The fields are numbered from 1.
944 If the field is of type file (file upload field), the value is always
946 cleared to prevent remote sites from downloading your local files. To
947 upload a file, specify its file name explicitly.
948 $mech->click( $button [, $x, $y] )
950 Has the effect of clicking a button on the current form. The first
951 argument is the name of the button to be clicked. The second and third
952 arguments (optional) allow you to specify the (x,y) coordinates of the
953 click.
954 If there is only one button on the form, "$mech->click()" with no
956 arguments simply clicks that one button.
957 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
959 $mech->click_button( ... )
961 Has the effect of clicking a button on the current form by specifying
962 its attributes. The arguments are a list of key/value pairs. Only one
963 of name, id, number, input or value must be specified in the keys.
964 Dies if no button is found.
966 • "name => name"
968 Clicks the button named name in the current form.
970 • "id => id"
972 Clicks the button with the id id in the current form.
974 • "number => n"
976 Clicks the nth button with type submit in the current form.
978 Numbering starts at 1.
979 • "value => value"
981 Clicks the button with the value value in the current form.
983 • "input => $inputobject"
985 Clicks on the button referenced by $inputobject, an instance of
987 HTML::Form::SubmitInput obtained e.g. from
988 $mech->current_form()->find_input( undef, 'submit' )
990 $inputobject must belong to the current form.
992 • "x => x"
994 • "y => y"
996 These arguments (optional) allow you to specify the (x,y)
998 coordinates of the click.
999 $mech->submit()
1001 Submits the current form, without specifying a button to click.
1002 Actually, no button is clicked at all.
1003 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
1005 This used to be a synonym for "$mech->click( 'submit' )", but is no
1007 longer so.
1008 $mech->submit_form( ... )
1010 This method lets you select a form from the previously fetched page,
1011 fill in its fields, and submit it. It combines the
1012 "form_number"/"form_name", "set_fields" and "click" methods into one
1013 higher level call. Its arguments are a list of key/value pairs, all of
1014 which are optional.
1015 • "fields => \%fields"
1017 Specifies the fields to be filled in the current form.
1019 • "with_fields => \%fields"
1021 Probably all you need for the common case. It combines a smart form
1023 selector and data setting in one operation. It selects the first
1024 form that contains all fields mentioned in "\%fields". This is
1025 nice because you don't need to know the name or number of the form
1026 to do this.
1027 (calls "form_with_fields()" and
1029 "set_fields()").
1030 If you choose "with_fields", the "fields" option will be ignored.
1032 The "form_number", "form_name" and "form_id" options will still be
1033 used. An exception will be thrown unless exactly one form matches
1034 all of the provided criteria.
1035 • "form_number => n"
1037 Selects the nth form (calls "form_number()". If this param is not
1039 specified, the currently-selected form is used.
1040 • "form_name => name"
1042 Selects the form named name (calls "form_name()")
1044 • "form_id => ID"
1046 Selects the form with ID ID (calls "form_id()")
1048 • "button => button"
1050 Clicks on button button (calls "click()")
1052 • "x => x, y => y"
1054 Sets the x or y values for "click()"
1056 • "strict_forms => bool"
1058 Sets the HTML::Form strict flag which causes form submission to
1060 croak if any of the passed fields don't exist on the page, and/or a
1061 value doesn't exist in a select element. By default HTML::Form
1062 sets this value to false.
1063 This behavior can also be turned on globally by passing
1065 "strict_forms => 1" to "WWW::Mechanize->new". If you do that, you
1066 can still disable it for individual calls by passing "strict_forms
1067 => 0" here.
1068 If no form is selected, the first form found is used.
1070 If button is not passed, then the "submit()" method is used instead.
1072 If you want to submit a file and get its content from a scalar rather
1074 than a file in the filesystem, you can use:
1075 $mech->submit_form(with_fields => { logfile => [ [ undef, 'whatever', Content => $content ], 1 ] } );
1077 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
1079
1081 $mech->add_header( name => $value [, name => $value... ] )
1082 Sets HTTP headers for the agent to add or remove from the HTTP request.
1083 $mech->add_header( Encoding => 'text/klingon' );
1085 If a value is "undef", then that header will be removed from any future
1087 requests. For example, to never send a Referer header:
1088 $mech->add_header( Referer => undef );
1090 If you want to delete a header, use "delete_header".
1092 Returns the number of name/value pairs added.
1094 NOTE: This method was very different in WWW::Mechanize before 1.00.
1096 Back then, the headers were stored in a package hash, not as a member
1097 of the object instance. Calling "add_header()" would modify the
1098 headers for every WWW::Mechanize object, even after your object no
1099 longer existed.
1100 $mech->delete_header( name [, name ... ] )
1102 Removes HTTP headers from the agent's list of special headers. For
1103 instance, you might need to do something like:
1104 # Don't send a Referer for this URL
1106 $mech->add_header( Referer => undef );
1107 # Get the URL
1109 $mech->get( $url );
1110 # Back to the default behavior
1112 $mech->delete_header( 'Referer' );
1113 $mech->quiet(true/false)
1115 Allows you to suppress warnings to the screen.
1116 $mech->quiet(0); # turns on warnings (the default)
1118 $mech->quiet(1); # turns off warnings
1119 $mech->quiet(); # returns the current quietness status
1120 $mech->stack_depth( $max_depth )
1122 Get or set the page stack depth. Use this if you're doing a lot of page
1123 scraping and running out of memory.
1124 A value of 0 means "no history at all." By default, the max stack
1126 depth is humongously large, effectively keeping all history.
1127 $mech->save_content( $filename, %opts )
1129 Dumps the contents of "$mech->content" into $filename. $filename will
1130 be overwritten. Dies if there are any errors.
1131 If the content type does not begin with "text/", then the content is
1133 saved in binary mode (i.e. "binmode()" is set on the output
1134 filehandle).
1135 Additional arguments can be passed as key/value pairs:
1137 $mech->save_content( $filename, binary => 1 )
1139 Filehandle is set with "binmode" to ":raw" and contents are taken
1140 calling "$self->content(decoded_by_headers => 1)". Same as calling:
1141 $mech->save_content( $filename, binmode => ':raw',
1143 decoded_by_headers => 1 );
1144 This should be the safest way to save contents verbatim.
1146 $mech->save_content( $filename, binmode => $binmode )
1148 Filehandle is set to binary mode. If $binmode begins with ':', it
1149 is passed as a parameter to "binmode":
1150 binmode $fh, $binmode;
1152 otherwise the filehandle is set to binary mode if $binmode is true:
1154 binmode $fh;
1156 all other arguments
1158 are passed as-is to "$mech->content(%opts)". In particular,
1159 "decoded_by_headers" might come handy if you want to revert the
1160 effect of line compression performed by the web server but without
1161 further interpreting the contents (e.g. decoding it according to
1162 the charset).
1163 $mech->dump_headers( [$fh] )
1165 Prints a dump of the HTTP response headers for the most recent
1166 response. If $fh is not specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1167 Unlike the rest of the dump_* methods, $fh can be a scalar. It will be
1169 used as a file name.
1170 $mech->dump_links( [[$fh], $absolute] )
1172 Prints a dump of the links on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1173 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1174 If $absolute is true, links displayed are absolute, not relative.
1176 $mech->dump_images( [[$fh], $absolute] )
1178 Prints a dump of the images on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1179 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1180 If $absolute is true, links displayed are absolute, not relative.
1182 The output will include empty lines for images that have no "src"
1184 attribute and therefore no "<-"url>>.
1185 $mech->dump_forms( [$fh] )
1187 Prints a dump of the forms on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1188 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT. Running the following:
1189 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new();
1191 $mech->get("https://www.google.com/");
1192 $mech->dump_forms;
1193 will print:
1195 GET https://www.google.com/search [f]
1197 ie=ISO-8859-1 (hidden readonly)
1198 hl=en (hidden readonly)
1199 source=hp (hidden readonly)
1200 biw= (hidden readonly)
1201 bih= (hidden readonly)
1202 q= (text)
1203 btnG=Google Search (submit)
1204 btnI=I'm Feeling Lucky (submit)
1205 gbv=1 (hidden readonly)
1206 $mech->dump_text( [$fh] )
1208 Prints a dump of the text on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1209 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1210
1212 $mech->clone()
1213 Clone the mech object. The clone will be using the same cookie jar as
1214 the original mech.
1215 $mech->redirect_ok()
1217 An overloaded version of "redirect_ok()" in LWP::UserAgent. This
1218 method is used to determine whether a redirection in the request should
1219 be followed.
1220 Note that WWW::Mechanize's constructor pushes POST on to the agent's
1222 "requests_redirectable" list.
1223 $mech->request( $request [, $arg [, $size]])
1225 Overloaded version of "request()" in LWP::UserAgent. Performs the
1226 actual request. Normally, if you're using WWW::Mechanize, it's because
1227 you don't want to deal with this level of stuff anyway.
1228 Note that $request will be modified.
1230 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
1232 $mech->update_html( $html )
1234 Allows you to replace the HTML that the mech has found. Updates the
1235 forms and links parse-trees that the mech uses internally.
1236 Say you have a page that you know has malformed output, and you want to
1238 update it so the links come out correctly:
1239 my $html = $mech->content;
1241 $html =~ s[</option>.{0,3}</td>][</option></select></td>]isg;
1242 $mech->update_html( $html );
1243 This method is also used internally by the mech itself to update its
1245 own HTML content when loading a page. This means that if you would like
1246 to systematically perform the above HTML substitution, you would
1247 overload update_html in a subclass thusly:
1248 package MyMech;
1250 use base 'WWW::Mechanize';
1251 sub update_html {
1253 my ($self, $html) = @_;
1254 $html =~ s[</option>.{0,3}</td>][</option></select></td>]isg;
1255 $self->WWW::Mechanize::update_html( $html );
1256 }
1257 If you do this, then the mech will use the tidied-up HTML instead of
1259 the original both when parsing for its own needs, and for returning to
1260 you through "content()".
1261 Overloading this method is also the recommended way of implementing
1263 extra validation steps (e.g. link checkers) for every HTML page
1264 received. "warn" and "die" would then come in handy to signal
1265 validation errors.
1266 $mech->credentials( $username, $password )
1268 Provide credentials to be used for HTTP Basic authentication for all
1269 sites and realms until further notice.
1270 The four argument form described in LWP::UserAgent is still supported.
1272 $mech->get_basic_credentials( $realm, $uri, $isproxy )
1274 Returns the credentials for the realm and URI.
1275 $mech->clear_credentials()
1277 Remove any credentials set up with "credentials()".
1278
1280 As a subclass of LWP::UserAgent, WWW::Mechanize inherits all of
1281 LWP::UserAgent's methods. Many of which are overridden or extended.
1282 The following methods are inherited unchanged. View the LWP::UserAgent
1283 documentation for their implementation descriptions.
1284 This is not meant to be an inclusive list. LWP::UA may have added
1286 others.
1287 $mech->head()
1289 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1290 $mech->mirror()
1292 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1293 $mech->simple_request()
1295 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1296 $mech->is_protocol_supported()
1298 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1299 $mech->prepare_request()
1301 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1302 $mech->progress()
1304 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1305
1307 These methods are only used internally. You probably don't need to
1308 know about them.
1309 $mech->_update_page($request, $response)
1311 Updates all internal variables in $mech as if $request was just
1312 performed, and returns $response. The page stack is not altered by this
1313 method, it is up to caller (e.g. "request") to do that.
1314 $mech->_modify_request( $req )
1316 Modifies a HTTP::Request before the request is sent out, for both GET
1317 and POST requests.
1318 We add a "Referer" header, as well as header to note that we can accept
1320 gzip encoded content, if Compress::Zlib is installed.
1321 $mech->_make_request()
1323 Convenience method to make it easier for subclasses like
1324 WWW::Mechanize::Cached to intercept the request.
1325 $mech->_reset_page()
1327 Resets the internal fields that track page parsed stuff.
1328 $mech->_extract_links()
1330 Extracts links from the content of a webpage, and populates the
1331 "{links}" property with WWW::Mechanize::Link objects.
1332 $mech->_push_page_stack()
1334 The agent keeps a stack of visited pages, which it can pop when it
1335 needs to go BACK and so on.
1336 The current page needs to be pushed onto the stack before we get a new
1338 page, and the stack needs to be popped when BACK occurs.
1339 Neither of these take any arguments, they just operate on the $mech
1341 object.
1342 warn( @messages )
1344 Centralized warning method, for diagnostics and non-fatal problems.
1345 Defaults to calling "CORE::warn", but may be overridden by setting
1346 "onwarn" in the constructor.
1347 die( @messages )
1349 Centralized error method. Defaults to calling "CORE::die", but may be
1350 overridden by setting "onerror" in the constructor.
1351
1353 The default settings can get you up and running quickly, but there are
1354 settings you can change in order to make your life easier.
1355 autocheck
1357 "autocheck" can save you the overhead of checking status codes for
1358 success. You may outgrow it as your needs get more sophisticated,
1359 but it's a safe option to start with.
1360 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( autocheck => 1 );
1362 cookie_jar
1364 You are encouraged to install Mozilla::PublicSuffix and use
1365 HTTP::CookieJar::LWP as your cookie jar. HTTP::CookieJar::LWP
1366 provides a better security model matching that of current Web
1367 browsers when Mozilla::PublicSuffix is installed.
1368 use HTTP::CookieJar::LWP ();
1370 my $jar = HTTP::CookieJar::LWP->new;
1372 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( cookie_jar => $jar );
1373 protocols_allowed
1375 This option is inherited directly from LWP::UserAgent. It allows
1376 you to whitelist the protocols you're willing to allow.
1377 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new(
1379 protocols_allowed => [ 'http', 'https' ]
1380 );
1381 This will prevent you from inadvertently following URLs like
1383 "file:///etc/passwd"
1384 protocols_forbidden
1386 This option is also inherited directly from LWP::UserAgent. It
1387 allows you to blacklist the protocols you're unwilling to allow.
1388 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new(
1390 protocols_forbidden => [ 'file', 'mailto', 'ssh', ]
1391 );
1392 This will prevent you from inadvertently following URLs like
1394 "file:///etc/passwd"
1395 strict_forms
1397 Consider turning on the "strict_forms" option when you create a new
1398 Mech. This will perform a helpful sanity check on form fields
1399 every time you are submitting a form, which can save you a lot of
1400 debugging time.
1401 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( strict_forms => 1 );
1403 If you do not want to have this option globally, you can still turn
1405 it on for individual forms.
1406 $agent->submit_form( fields => { foo => 'bar' } , strict_forms => 1 );
1408
1410 WWW::Mechanize is hosted at GitHub.
1411 Repository: <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize>. Bugs:
1413 <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize/issues>.
1414
1416 Spidering Hacks, by Kevin Hemenway and Tara Calishain
1417 Spidering Hacks from O'Reilly
1418 (<http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/spiderhks/>) is a great book for
1419 anyone wanting to know more about screen-scraping and spidering.
1420 There are six hacks that use Mech or a Mech derivative:
1422 #21 WWW::Mechanize 101
1424 #22 Scraping with WWW::Mechanize
1425 #36 Downloading Images from Webshots
1426 #44 Archiving Yahoo! Groups Messages with WWW::Yahoo::Groups
1427 #64 Super Author Searching
1428 #73 Scraping TV Listings
1429 The book was also positively reviewed on Slashdot:
1431 <http://books.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=03/12/11/2126256>
1432
1434 • WWW::Mechanize mailing list
1435 The Mech mailing list is at
1437 <http://groups.google.com/group/www-mechanize-users> and is
1438 specific to Mechanize, unlike the LWP mailing list below. Although
1439 it is a users list, all development discussion takes place here,
1440 too.
1441 • LWP mailing list
1443 The LWP mailing list is at
1445 <http://lists.perl.org/showlist.cgi?name=libwww>, and is more user-
1446 oriented and well-populated than the WWW::Mechanize list.
1447 • Perlmonks
1449 <http://perlmonks.org> is an excellent community of support, and
1451 many questions about Mech have already been answered there.
1452 • WWW::Mechanize::Examples
1454 A random array of examples submitted by users, included with the
1456 Mechanize distribution.
1457
1459 • <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/wa-perlsecure/>
1460 IBM article "Secure Web site access with Perl"
1462 • <http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/googlehks2/chapter/hack84.pdf>
1464 Leland Johnson's hack #84 in Google Hacks, 2nd Edition is an
1466 example of a production script that uses WWW::Mechanize and
1467 HTML::TableContentParser. It takes in keywords and returns the
1468 estimated price of these keywords on Google's AdWords program.
1469 • <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2004/06/04/recorder.html>
1471 Linda Julien writes about using HTTP::Recorder to create
1473 WWW::Mechanize scripts.
1474 • <http://www.developer.com/lang/other/article.php/3454041>
1476 Jason Gilmore's article on using WWW::Mechanize for scraping sales
1478 information from Amazon and eBay.
1479 • <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2003/01/22/mechanize.html>
1481 Chris Ball's article about using WWW::Mechanize for scraping TV
1483 listings.
1484 • <http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/LinuxMag/col47.html>
1486 Randal Schwartz's article on scraping Yahoo News for images. It's
1488 already out of date: He manually walks the list of links hunting
1489 for matches, which wouldn't have been necessary if the
1490 "find_link()" method existed at press time.
1491 • <http://www.perladvent.org/2002/16th/>
1493 WWW::Mechanize on the Perl Advent Calendar, by Mark Fowler.
1495 • <http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2004/03/datenruessel/>
1497 Michael Schilli's article on Mech and WWW::Mechanize::Shell for the
1499 German magazine Linux Magazin.
1500 Other modules that use Mechanize
1502 Here are modules that use or subclass Mechanize. Let me know of any
1503 others:
1504 • Finance::Bank::LloydsTSB
1506 • HTTP::Recorder
1508 Acts as a proxy for web interaction, and then generates
1510 WWW::Mechanize scripts.
1511 • Win32::IE::Mechanize
1513 Just like Mech, but using Microsoft Internet Explorer to do the
1515 work.
1516 • WWW::Bugzilla
1518 • WWW::CheckSite
1520 • WWW::Google::Groups
1522 • WWW::Hotmail
1524 • WWW::Mechanize::Cached
1526 • WWW::Mechanize::Cached::GZip
1528 • WWW::Mechanize::FormFiller
1530 • WWW::Mechanize::Shell
1532 • WWW::Mechanize::Sleepy
1534 • WWW::Mechanize::SpamCop
1536 • WWW::Mechanize::Timed
1538 • WWW::SourceForge
1540 • WWW::Yahoo::Groups
1542 • WWW::Scripter
1544
1546 Thanks to the numerous people who have helped out on WWW::Mechanize in
1547 one way or another, including Kirrily Robert for the original
1548 "WWW::Automate", Lyle Hopkins, Damien Clark, Ansgar Burchardt, Gisle
1549 Aas, Jeremy Ary, Hilary Holz, Rafael Kitover, Norbert Buchmuller, Dave
1550 Page, David Sainty, H.Merijn Brand, Matt Lawrence, Michael Schwern,
1551 Adriano Ferreira, Miyagawa, Peteris Krumins, Rafael Kitover, David
1552 Steinbrunner, Kevin Falcone, Mike O'Regan, Mark Stosberg, Uri Guttman,
1553 Peter Scott, Philippe Bruhat, Ian Langworth, John Beppu, Gavin Estey,
1554 Jim Brandt, Ask Bjoern Hansen, Greg Davies, Ed Silva, Mark-Jason
1555 Dominus, Autrijus Tang, Mark Fowler, Stuart Children, Max Maischein,
1556 Meng Wong, Prakash Kailasa, Abigail, Jan Pazdziora, Dominique
1557 Quatravaux, Scott Lanning, Rob Casey, Leland Johnson, Joshua Gatcomb,
1558 Julien Beasley, Abe Timmerman, Peter Stevens, Pete Krawczyk, Tad
1559 McClellan, and the late great Iain Truskett.
1560
1562 Andy Lester <andy at petdance.com>
1563
1565 This software is copyright (c) 2004 by Andy Lester.
1566 This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
1568 the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
1569perl v5.32.1 2021-01-27 WWW::Mechanize(3)