1Mojolicious::Guides::RoUusteirngC(o3n)tributed Perl DocuMmoejnotlaitciioonus::Guides::Routing(3)
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6 Mojolicious::Guides::Routing - Routing requests
7
9 This document contains a simple and fun introduction to the Mojolicious
10 router and its underlying concepts.
11
13 Essentials every Mojolicious developer should know.
14 Dispatcher
16 The foundation of every web framework is a tiny black box connecting
17 incoming requests with code generating the appropriate response.
18 GET /user/show/1 -> $c->render(text => 'Daniel');
20 This black box is usually called a dispatcher. There are many
22 implementations using different strategies to establish these
23 connections, but pretty much all are based around mapping the path part
24 of the request URL to some kind of response generator.
25 /user/show/2 -> $c->render(text => 'Isabell');
27 /user/show/3 -> $c->render(text => 'Sara');
28 /user/show/4 -> $c->render(text => 'Stefan');
29 /user/show/5 -> $c->render(text => 'Fynn');
30 While it is very well possible to make all these connections static, it
32 is also rather inefficient. That's why regular expressions are commonly
33 used to make the dispatch process more dynamic.
34 qr!/user/show/(\d+)! -> $c->render(text => $users{$1});
36 Modern dispatchers have pretty much everything HTTP has to offer at
38 their disposal and can use many more variables than just the request
39 path, such as request method and headers like "Host", "User-Agent" and
40 "Accept".
41 GET /user/show/23 HTTP/1.1
43 Host: mojolicious.org
44 User-Agent: Mojolicious (Perl)
45 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
46 Routes
48 While regular expressions are quite powerful they also tend to be
49 unpleasant to look at and are generally overkill for ordinary path
50 matching.
51 qr!/user/admin/(\d+)! -> $c->render(text => $users{$1});
53 This is where routes come into play, they have been designed from the
55 ground up to represent paths with placeholders.
56 /user/admin/:id -> $c->render(text => $users{$id});
58 The only difference between a static path and the route above is the
60 ":id" placeholder. One or more placeholders can be anywhere in the
61 route.
62 /user/:role/:id
64 A fundamental concept of the Mojolicious router is that extracted
66 placeholder values are turned into a hash.
67 /user/admin/23 -> /user/:role/:id -> {role => 'admin', id => 23}
69 This hash is basically the center of every Mojolicious application, you
71 will learn more about this later on. Internally, routes get compiled
72 to regular expressions, so you can get the best of both worlds with a
73 little bit of experience.
74 /user/admin/:id -> qr/(?-xism:^\/user\/admin\/([^\/.]+))/
76 A trailing slash in the path is always optional.
78 /user/admin/23/ -> /user/:role/:id -> {role => 'admin', id => 23}
80 Reversibility
82 One more huge advantage routes have over regular expressions is that
83 they are easily reversible, extracted placeholders can be turned back
84 into a path at any time.
85 /sebastian -> /:name -> {name => 'sebastian'}
87 {name => 'sebastian'} -> /:name -> /sebastian
88 Every placeholder has a name, even if it's just an empty string.
90 Standard placeholders
92 Standard placeholders are the simplest form of placeholders, they use a
93 colon prefix and match all characters except "/" and ".", similar to
94 the regular expression "([^/.]+)".
95 /hello -> /:name/hello -> undef
97 /sebastian/23/hello -> /:name/hello -> undef
98 /sebastian.23/hello -> /:name/hello -> undef
99 /sebastian/hello -> /:name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian'}
100 /sebastian23/hello -> /:name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian23'}
101 /sebastian 23/hello -> /:name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian 23'}
102 All placeholders can be surrounded by "<" and ">" to separate them from
104 the surrounding text.
105 /hello -> /<:name>hello -> undef
107 /sebastian/23hello -> /<:name>hello -> undef
108 /sebastian.23hello -> /<:name>hello -> undef
109 /sebastianhello -> /<:name>hello -> {name => 'sebastian'}
110 /sebastian23hello -> /<:name>hello -> {name => 'sebastian23'}
111 /sebastian 23hello -> /<:name>hello -> {name => 'sebastian 23'}
112 The colon prefix is optional for standard placeholders that are
114 surrounded by "<" and ">".
115 /i♥mojolicious -> /<one>♥<two> -> {one => 'i', two => 'mojolicious'}
117 Relaxed placeholders
119 Relaxed placeholders are just like standard placeholders, but use a
120 hash prefix and match all characters except "/", similar to the regular
121 expression "([^/]+)".
122 /hello -> /#name/hello -> undef
124 /sebastian/23/hello -> /#name/hello -> undef
125 /sebastian.23/hello -> /#name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian.23'}
126 /sebastian/hello -> /#name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian'}
127 /sebastian23/hello -> /#name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian23'}
128 /sebastian 23/hello -> /#name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian 23'}
129 They can be especially useful for manually matching file names with
131 extensions, rather than using format detection.
132 /music/song.mp3 -> /music/#filename -> {filename => 'song.mp3'}
134 Wildcard placeholders
136 Wildcard placeholders are just like the two types of placeholders
137 above, but use an asterisk prefix and match absolutely everything,
138 including "/" and ".", similar to the regular expression "(.+)".
139 /hello -> /*name/hello -> undef
141 /sebastian/23/hello -> /*name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian/23'}
142 /sebastian.23/hello -> /*name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian.23'}
143 /sebastian/hello -> /*name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian'}
144 /sebastian23/hello -> /*name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian23'}
145 /sebastian 23/hello -> /*name/hello -> {name => 'sebastian 23'}
146 They can be useful for manually matching entire file paths.
148 /music/rock/song.mp3 -> /music/*filepath -> {filepath => 'rock/song.mp3'}
150
152 Most commonly used features every Mojolicious developer should know
153 about.
154 Minimal route
156 The attribute "routes" in Mojolicious contains a router you can use to
157 generate route structures.
158 # Application
160 package MyApp;
161 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious', -signatures;
162 sub startup ($self) {
164 # Router
165 my $r = $self->routes;
166 # Route
168 $r->get('/welcome')->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'welcome');
169 }
170 1;
172 The minimal route above will load and instantiate the class
174 "MyApp::Controller::Foo" and call its "welcome" method. Routes are
175 usually configured in the "startup" method of the application class,
176 but the router can be accessed from everywhere (even at runtime).
177 # Controller
179 package MyApp::Controller::Foo;
180 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious::Controller', -signatures;
181 # Action
183 sub welcome ($self) {
184 # Render response
185 $self->render(text => 'Hello there.');
186 }
187 1;
189 All routes match in the same order in which they were defined, and
191 matching stops as soon as a suitable route has been found. So you can
192 improve the routing performance by declaring your most frequently
193 accessed routes first. A routing cache will also be used automatically
194 to handle sudden traffic spikes more gracefully.
195 Routing destination
197 After you start a new route with methods like "get" in
198 Mojolicious::Routes::Route, you can also give it a destination in the
199 form of a hash using the chained method "to" in
200 Mojolicious::Routes::Route.
201 # /welcome -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'welcome'}
203 $r->get('/welcome')->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'welcome');
204 Now if the route matches an incoming request it will use the content of
206 this hash to try and find appropriate code to generate a response.
207 HTTP methods
209 There are already shortcuts for the most common HTTP request methods
210 like "post" in Mojolicious::Routes::Route, and for more control "any"
211 in Mojolicious::Routes::Route accepts an optional array reference with
212 arbitrary request methods as first argument.
213 # PUT /hello -> undef
215 # GET /hello -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'hello'}
216 $r->get('/hello')->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'hello');
217 # PUT /hello -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'hello'}
219 $r->put('/hello')->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'hello');
220 # POST /hello -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'hello'}
222 $r->post('/hello')->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'hello');
223 # GET|POST /bye -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bye'}
225 $r->any(['GET', 'POST'] => '/bye')->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'bye');
226 # * /whatever -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'whatever'}
228 $r->any('/whatever')->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'whatever');
229 There is one small exception, "HEAD" requests are considered equal to
231 "GET", but content will not be sent with the response even if it is
232 present.
233 # GET /test -> {controller => 'bar', action => 'test'}
235 # HEAD /test -> {controller => 'bar', action => 'test'}
236 $r->get('/test')->to(controller => 'bar', action => 'test');
237 You can also use the "_method" query parameter to override the request
239 method. This can be very useful when submitting forms with browsers
240 that only support "GET" and "POST".
241 # PUT /stuff -> {controller => 'baz', action => 'stuff'}
243 # POST /stuff?_method=PUT -> {controller => 'baz', action => 'stuff'}
244 $r->put('/stuff')->to(controller => 'baz', action => 'stuff');
245 IRIs
247 IRIs are handled transparently, that means paths are guaranteed to be
248 unescaped and decoded from bytes to characters.
249 # GET /☃ (Unicode snowman) -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'snowman'}
251 $r->get('/☃')->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'snowman');
252 Stash
254 The generated hash of a matching route is actually the center of the
255 whole Mojolicious request cycle. We call it the stash, and it persists
256 until a response has been generated.
257 # /bye -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bye', mymessage => 'Bye'}
259 $r->get('/bye')->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'bye', mymessage => 'Bye');
260 There are a few stash values with special meaning, such as "controller"
262 and "action", but you can generally fill it with whatever data you need
263 to generate a response. Once dispatched the whole stash content can be
264 changed at any time.
265 sub bye ($self) {
267 # Get message from stash
269 my $msg = $self->stash('mymessage');
270 # Change message in stash
272 $self->stash(mymessage => 'Welcome');
273 }
274 For a full list of reserved stash values see "stash" in
276 Mojolicious::Controller.
277 Nested routes
279 It is also possible to build tree structures from routes to remove
280 repetitive code. A route with children can't match on its own though,
281 only the actual endpoints of these nested routes can.
282 # /foo -> undef
284 # /foo/bar -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar'}
285 my $foo = $r->any('/foo')->to(controller => 'foo');
286 $foo->get('/bar')->to(action => 'bar');
287 The stash is simply inherited from route to route and newer values
289 override old ones.
290 # /cats -> {controller => 'cats', action => 'index'}
292 # /cats/nyan -> {controller => 'cats', action => 'nyan'}
293 # /cats/lol -> {controller => 'cats', action => 'default'}
294 my $cats = $r->any('/cats')->to(controller => 'cats', action => 'default');
295 $cats->get('/')->to(action => 'index');
296 $cats->get('/nyan')->to(action => 'nyan');
297 $cats->get('/lol');
298 With a few common prefixes you can also greatly improve the routing
300 performance of applications with many routes, because children are only
301 tried if the prefix matched first.
302 Special stash values
304 When the dispatcher sees "controller" and "action" values in the stash
305 it will always try to turn them into a class and method to dispatch to.
306 The "controller" value gets converted from "snake_case" to "CamelCase"
307 using "camelize" in Mojo::Util and appended to one or more namespaces,
308 defaulting to a controller namespace based on the application class
309 ("MyApp::Controller"), as well as the bare application class ("MyApp"),
310 and these namespaces are searched in that order. The action value is
311 not changed at all, so both values are case-sensitive.
312 # Application
314 package MyApp;
315 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious', -signatures;
316 sub startup ($self) {
318 # /bye -> MyApp::Controller::Foo->bye
319 $self->routes->get('/bye')->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'bye');
320 }
321 1;
323 # Controller
325 package MyApp::Controller::Foo;
326 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious::Controller', -signatures;
327 # Action
329 sub bye ($self) {
330 # Render response
331 $self->render(text => 'Good bye.');
332 }
333 1;
335 Controller classes are perfect for organizing code in larger projects.
337 There are more dispatch strategies, but because controllers are the
338 most commonly used ones they also got a special shortcut in the form of
339 "controller#action".
340 # /bye -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bye', mymessage => 'Bye'}
342 $r->get('/bye')->to('foo#bye', mymessage => 'Bye');
343 During camelization "-" characters get replaced with "::", this allows
345 multi-level "controller" hierarchies.
346 # / -> MyApp::Controller::Foo::Bar->hi
348 $r->get('/')->to('foo-bar#hi');
349 You can also just specify the "controller" in CamelCase form instead of
351 snake_case.
352 # / -> MyApp::Controller::Foo::Bar->hi
354 $r->get('/')->to('Foo::Bar#hi');
355 For security reasons the dispatcher will always check if the
357 "controller" is actually a subclass of Mojolicious::Controller or Mojo
358 before dispatching to it.
359 Namespaces
361 You can use the "namespace" stash value to change the namespace of a
362 whole route with all its children.
363 # /bye -> MyApp::MyController::Foo::Bar->bye
365 $r->get('/bye')->to(namespace => 'MyApp::MyController', controller => 'Foo::Bar', action => 'bye');
366 The "controller" is always converted from "snake_case" to "CamelCase"
368 with "camelize" in Mojo::Util, and then appended to this "namespace".
369 # /bye -> MyApp::MyController::Foo::Bar->bye
371 $r->get('/bye')->to('foo-bar#bye', namespace => 'MyApp::MyController');
372 # /hey -> MyApp::MyController::Foo::Bar->hey
374 $r->get('/hey')->to('Foo::Bar#hey', namespace => 'MyApp::MyController');
375 You can also change the default namespaces for all routes in the
377 application with the router attribute "namespaces" in
378 Mojolicious::Routes, which usually defaults to a namespace based on the
379 application class ("MyApp::Controller"), as well as the bare
380 application class ("MyApp").
381 $r->namespaces(['MyApp::MyController']);
383 Route to callback
385 The "cb" stash value, which won't be inherited by nested routes, can be
386 used to bypass controllers and execute a callback instead.
387 $r->get('/bye')->to(cb => sub ($c) {
389 $c->render(text => 'Good bye.');
390 });
391 But just like in Mojolicious::Lite you can also pass the callback
393 directly, which usually looks much better.
394 $r->get('/bye' => sub ($c) {
396 $c->render(text => 'Good bye.');
397 });
398 Named routes
400 Naming your routes will allow backreferencing in many methods and
401 helpers throughout the whole framework, most of which internally rely
402 on "url_for" in Mojolicious::Controller for this.
403 # /foo/marcus -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', user => 'marcus'}
405 $r->get('/foo/:user')->to('foo#bar')->name('baz');
406 # Generate URL "/foo/marcus" for route "baz" (in previous request context)
408 my $url = $c->url_for('baz');
409 # Generate URL "/foo/jan" for route "baz"
411 my $url = $c->url_for('baz', user => 'jan');
412 # Generate URL "http://127.0.0.1:3000/foo/jan" for route "baz"
414 my $url = $c->url_for('baz', user => 'jan')->to_abs;
415 You can assign a name with "name" in Mojolicious::Routes::Route, or let
417 the router generate one automatically, which would be equal to the
418 route itself without non-word characters, custom names have a higher
419 precedence though.
420 # /foo/bar ("foobar")
422 $r->get('/foo/bar')->to('test#stuff');
423 # Generate URL "/foo/bar"
425 my $url = $c->url_for('foobar');
426 To refer to the current route you can use the reserved name "current"
428 or no name at all.
429 # Generate URL for current route
431 my $url = $c->url_for('current');
432 my $url = $c->url_for;
433 To check or get the name of the current route you can use the helper
435 "current_route" in Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers.
436 # Name for current route
438 my $name = $c->current_route;
439 # Check route name in code shared by multiple routes
441 $c->stash(button => 'green') if $c->current_route('login');
442 Optional placeholders
444 Extracted placeholder values will simply redefine older stash values if
445 they already exist.
446 # /bye -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', mymessage => 'bye'}
448 # /hey -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', mymessage => 'hey'}
449 $r->get('/:mymessage')->to('foo#bar', mymessage => 'hi');
450 One more interesting effect, a placeholder automatically becomes
452 optional if there is already a stash value of the same name present,
453 this works similar to the regular expression "([^/.]+)?".
454 # / -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', mymessage => 'hi'}
456 $r->get('/:mymessage')->to('foo#bar', mymessage => 'hi');
457 # /test/123 -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', mymessage => 'hi'}
459 # /test/bye/123 -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', mymessage => 'bye'}
460 $r->get('/test/:mymessage/123')->to('foo#bar', mymessage => 'hi');
461 And if two optional placeholders are only separated by a slash, that
463 slash can become optional as well.
464 Restrictive placeholders
466 A very easy way to make placeholders more restrictive are alternatives,
467 you just make a list of possible values, which then work similar to the
468 regular expression "(bender|leela)".
469 # /fry -> undef
471 # /bender -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', name => 'bender'}
472 # /leela -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', name => 'leela'}
473 $r->get('/:name' => [name => ['bender', 'leela']])->to('foo#bar');
474 You can also adjust the regular expressions behind placeholders
476 directly, just make sure not to use "^" and "$" or capturing groups
477 "(...)", because placeholders become part of a larger regular
478 expression internally, non-capturing groups "(?:...)" are fine though.
479 # /23 -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', number => 23}
481 # /test -> undef
482 $r->get('/:number' => [number => qr/\d+/])->to('foo#bar');
483 # /23 -> undef
485 # /test -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', name => 'test'}
486 $r->get('/:name' => [name => qr/[a-zA-Z]+/])->to('foo#bar');
487 This way you get easily readable routes and the raw power of regular
489 expressions.
490 Placeholder types
492 And if you have multiple routes using restrictive placeholders you can
493 also turn them into placeholder types with "add_type" in
494 Mojolicious::Routes.
495 # A type with alternatives
497 $r->add_type(futurama_name => ['bender', 'leela']);
498 # /fry -> undef
500 # /bender -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', name => 'bender'}
501 # /leela -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', name => 'leela'}
502 $r->get('/<name:futurama_name>')->to('foo#bar');
503 Placeholder types work just like restrictive placeholders, they are
505 just reusable with the "<placeholder:type>" notation.
506 # A type adjusting the regular expression
508 $r->add_type(upper => qr/[A-Z]+/);
509 # /user/ROOT -> {controller => 'users', action => 'show', name => 'ROOT'}
511 # /user/root -> undef
512 # /user/23 -> undef
513 $r->get('/user/<name:upper>')->to('users#show');
514 Some types like "num" are used so commonly that they are available by
516 default.
517 # /article/12 -> {controller => 'article', action => 'show', id => 12}
519 # /article/test -> undef
520 $r->get('/article/<id:num>')->to('articles#show');
521 For a full list of available placeholder types see also "TYPES" in
523 Mojolicious::Routes.
524 Introspection
526 The command Mojolicious::Command::routes can be used from the command
527 line to list all available routes together with names and underlying
528 regular expressions.
529 $ ./myapp.pl routes -v
531 /foo/:name .... POST fooname ^/foo/([^/.]+)/?(?:\.([^/]+))?$
532 /bar ..U. * bar ^/bar
533 +/baz ...W GET baz ^/baz/?(?:\.([^/]+))?$
534 /yada .... * yada ^/yada/?(?:\.([^/]+))?$
535 Under
537 To share code with multiple nested routes you can use "under" in
538 Mojolicious::Routes::Route, because unlike normal nested routes, the
539 routes generated with it have their own intermediate destination and
540 result in additional dispatch cycles when they match.
541 # /foo -> undef
543 # /foo/bar -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'baz'}
544 # {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar'}
545 my $foo = $r->under('/foo')->to('foo#baz');
546 $foo->get('/bar')->to('#bar');
547 The actual action code for this destination needs to return a true
549 value or the dispatch chain will be broken, this can be a very powerful
550 tool for authentication.
551 # /blackjack -> {cb => sub {...}}
553 # {controller => 'hideout', action => 'blackjack'}
554 my $auth = $r->under('/' => sub ($c) {
555 # Authenticated
557 return 1 if $c->req->headers->header('X-Bender');
558 # Not authenticated
560 $c->render(text => "You're not Bender.", status => 401);
561 return undef;
562 });
563 $auth->get('/blackjack')->to('hideout#blackjack');
564 Broken dispatch chains can be continued by calling "continue" in
566 Mojolicious::Controller, this allows for example, non-blocking
567 operations to finish before reaching the next dispatch cycle.
568 my $maybe = $r->under('/maybe' => sub ($c) {
570 # Wait 3 seconds and then give visitors a 50% chance to continue
572 Mojo::IOLoop->timer(3 => sub {
573 # Loser
575 return $c->render(text => 'No luck.') unless int rand 2;
576 # Winner
578 $c->continue;
579 });
580 return undef;
582 });
583 $maybe->get('/')->to('maybe#winner');
584 Every destination is just a snapshot of the stash at the time the route
586 matched, and only the "format" value is shared by all of them. For a
587 little more power you can introspect the preceding and succeeding
588 destinations with "match" in Mojolicious::Controller.
589 # Action of the fourth dispatch cycle
591 my $action = $c->match->stack->[3]{action};
592 Formats
594 File extensions like ".html" and ".txt" at the end of a route can be
595 detected and stored in the stash value "format". Use a restrictive
596 placeholder to declare the possible values.
597 # /foo.txt -> undef
599 # /foo.rss -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', format => 'rss'}
600 # /foo.xml -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', format => 'xml'}
601 $r->get('/foo' => [format => ['rss', 'xml']])->to('foo#bar');
602 This for example, allows multiple templates in different formats to
604 share the same action code. And just like with placeholders you can use
605 a default value to make the format optional.
606 # /foo -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar'}
608 # /foo.html -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', format => 'html'}
609 # /foo.txt -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', format => 'txt'}
610 $r->get('/foo' => [format => ['html', 'txt']])->to('foo#bar', format => undef);
611 Formats can be inherited by nested routes.
613 # /foo -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'one', format => undef}
615 # /foo.html -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'one', format => 'html'}
616 # /foo.json -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'one', format => 'json'}
617 # /bar -> {controller => 'bar', action => 'two', format => undef}
618 # /bar.html -> {controller => 'bar', action => 'two', format => 'html'}
619 # /bar.json -> {controller => 'bar', action => 'two', format => 'json'}
620 my $with_format = $r->any('/' => [format => ['html', 'json']])->to(format => undef);
621 $with_format->get('/foo')->to('foo#one');
622 $with_format->get('/bar')->to('bar#two');
623 A "format" value can also be passed to "url_for" in
625 Mojolicious::Controller.
626 # /foo/23.txt -> {controller => 'foo', action => 'bar', id => 23, format => 'txt'}
628 $r->get('/foo/:id')->to('foo#bar')->name('baz');
629 # Generate URL "/foo/24.txt" for route "baz"
631 my $url = $c->url_for('baz', id => 24, format => 'txt');
632 WebSockets
634 With the method "websocket" in Mojolicious::Routes::Route you can
635 restrict access to WebSocket handshakes, which are normal "GET"
636 requests with some additional information.
637 # /echo (WebSocket handshake)
639 $r->websocket('/echo')->to('foo#echo');
640 # Controller
642 package MyApp::Controller::Foo;
643 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious::Controller', -signatures;
644 # Action
646 sub echo ($self) {
647 $self->on(message => sub ($self, $msg) {
648 $self->send("echo: $msg");
649 });
650 }
651 1;
653 The connection gets established when you respond to the WebSocket
655 handshake request with a 101 response status, which happens
656 automatically if you subscribe to an event with "on" in
657 Mojolicious::Controller or send a message with "send" in
658 Mojolicious::Controller right away.
659 GET /echo HTTP/1.1
661 Host: mojolicious.org
662 User-Agent: Mojolicious (Perl)
663 Connection: Upgrade
664 Upgrade: websocket
665 Sec-WebSocket-Key: IDM3ODE4NDk2MjA1OTcxOQ==
666 Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
667 HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
669 Server: Mojolicious (Perl)
670 Date: Tue, 03 Feb 2015 17:08:24 GMT
671 Connection: Upgrade
672 Upgrade: websocket
673 Sec-WebSocket-Accept: SWsp5N2iNxPbHlcOTIw8ERvyVPY=
674 Catch-all route
676 Since routes match in the order in which they were defined, you can
677 catch all requests that did not match in your last route with an
678 optional wildcard placeholder.
679 # * /*
681 $r->any('/*whatever' => {whatever => ''} => sub ($c) {
682 my $whatever = $c->param('whatever');
683 $c->render(text => "/$whatever did not match.", status => 404);
684 });
685 Conditions
687 Conditions such as "headers", "agent" and "host" from
688 Mojolicious::Plugin::HeaderCondition can be applied to any route with
689 the method "requires" in Mojolicious::Routes::Route, and allow even
690 more powerful route constructs.
691 # / (Origin: http://perl.org)
693 $r->get('/')->requires(headers => {Origin => qr/perl\.org/})->to('foo#bar');
694 # / (Firefox)
696 $r->get('/')->requires(agent => qr/Firefox/)->to('browser-test#firefox');
697 # / (Internet Explorer)
699 $r->get('/')->requires(agent => qr/Internet Explorer/)->to('browser-test#ie');
700 # http://docs.mojolicious.org/Mojolicious
702 $r->get('/')->requires(host => 'docs.mojolicious.org')->to('perldoc#index');
703 Just be aware that conditions are too complex for the routing cache,
705 which normally speeds up recurring requests, and can therefore reduce
706 performance.
707 Hooks
709 Hooks operate outside the routing system and allow you to extend the
710 framework itself by sharing code with all requests indiscriminately
711 through "hook" in Mojolicious, which makes them a very powerful tool
712 especially for plugins.
713 # Application
715 package MyApp;
716 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious', -signatures;
717 sub startup ($self) {
719 # Check all requests for a "/test" prefix
721 $self->hook(before_dispatch => sub ($c) {
722 $c->render(text => 'This request did not reach the router.') if $c->req->url->path->contains('/test');
723 });
724 # These will not be reached if the hook above renders a response
726 my $r = $self->routes;
727 $r->get('/welcome')->to('foo#welcome');
728 $r->post('/bye')->to('foo#bye');
729 }
730 1;
732 Post-processing the response to add or remove headers is a very common
734 use.
735 # Make sure static files are cached
737 $app->hook(after_static => sub ($c) {
738 $c->res->headers->cache_control('max-age=3600, must-revalidate');
739 });
740 # Remove a default header
742 $app->hook(after_dispatch => sub ($c) {
743 $c->res->headers->remove('Server');
744 });
745 Same for pre-processing the request.
747 # Choose template variant based on request headers
749 $app->hook(before_dispatch => sub ($c) {
750 return unless my $agent = $c->req->headers->user_agent;
751 $c->stash(variant => 'ie') if $agent =~ /Internet Explorer/;
752 });
753 Or more advanced extensions to add monitoring to your application.
755 # Forward exceptions to a web service
757 $app->hook(after_dispatch => sub ($c) {
758 return unless my $e = $c->stash('exception');
759 $c->ua->post('https://example.com/bugs' => form => {exception => $e});
760 });
761 You can even extend much of the core functionality.
763 # Make controller object available to actions as $_
765 $app->hook(around_action => sub ($next, $c, $action, $last) {
766 local $_ = $c;
767 return $next->();
768 });
769 # Pass route name as argument to actions
771 $app->hook(around_action => sub ($next, $c, $action, $last) {
772 return $c->$action($c->current_route);
773 });
774 For a full list of available hooks see "HOOKS" in Mojolicious.
776
778 Less commonly used and more powerful features.
779 Shortcuts
781 To make route generation more expressive, you can also add your own
782 shortcuts with "add_shortcut" in Mojolicious::Routes.
783 # Simple "resource" shortcut
785 $r->add_shortcut(resource => sub ($r, $name) {
786 # Prefix for resource
788 my $resource = $r->any("/$name")->to("$name#");
789 # Render a list of resources
791 $resource->get('/')->to('#index')->name($name);
792 # Render a form to create a new resource (submitted to "store")
794 $resource->get('/create')->to('#create')->name("create_$name");
795 # Store newly created resource (submitted by "create")
797 $resource->post->to('#store')->name("store_$name");
798 # Render a specific resource
800 $resource->get('/:id')->to('#show')->name("show_$name");
801 # Render a form to edit a resource (submitted to "update")
803 $resource->get('/:id/edit')->to('#edit')->name("edit_$name");
804 # Store updated resource (submitted by "edit")
806 $resource->put('/:id')->to('#update')->name("update_$name");
807 # Remove a resource
809 $resource->delete('/:id')->to('#remove')->name("remove_$name");
810 return $resource;
812 });
813 # GET /users -> {controller => 'users', action => 'index'}
815 # GET /users/create -> {controller => 'users', action => 'create'}
816 # POST /users -> {controller => 'users', action => 'store'}
817 # GET /users/23 -> {controller => 'users', action => 'show', id => 23}
818 # GET /users/23/edit -> {controller => 'users', action => 'edit', id => 23}
819 # PUT /users/23 -> {controller => 'users', action => 'update', id => 23}
820 # DELETE /users/23 -> {controller => 'users', action => 'remove', id => 23}
821 $r->resource('users');
822 Rearranging routes
824 From application startup until the first request has arrived, all
825 routes can still be moved around or even removed with methods like
826 "add_child" in Mojolicious::Routes::Route and "remove" in
827 Mojolicious::Routes::Route.
828 # GET /example/show -> {controller => 'example', action => 'show'}
830 my $show = $r->get('/show')->to('example#show');
831 $r->any('/example')->add_child($show);
832 # Nothing
834 $r->get('/secrets/show')->to('secrets#show')->name('show_secrets');
835 $r->find('show_secrets')->remove;
836 Especially for rearranging routes created by plugins this can be very
838 useful, to find routes by their name you can use "find" in
839 Mojolicious::Routes::Route.
840 # GET /example/test -> {controller => 'example', action => 'test'}
842 $r->get('/something/else')->to('something#else')->name('test');
843 my $test = $r->find('test');
844 $test->pattern->parse('/example/test');
845 $test->pattern->defaults({controller => 'example', action => 'test'});
846 Even the route pattern and destination can still be changed with
848 "parse" in Mojolicious::Routes::Pattern and "defaults" in
849 Mojolicious::Routes::Pattern.
850 Adding conditions
852 You can also add your own conditions with the method "add_condition" in
853 Mojolicious::Routes. All conditions are basically router plugins that
854 run every time a new request arrives, and which need to return a true
855 value for the route to match.
856 # A condition that randomly allows a route to match
858 $r->add_condition(random => sub ($route, $c, $captures, $num) {
859 # Loser
861 return undef if int rand $num;
862 # Winner
864 return 1;
865 });
866 # /maybe (25% chance)
868 $r->get('/maybe')->requires(random => 4)->to('foo#bar');
869 Use whatever request information you need.
871 # A condition to check query parameters (useful for mock web services)
873 $r->add_condition(query => sub ($route, $c, $captures, $hash) {
874 for my $key (keys %$hash) {
876 my $param = $c->req->url->query->param($key);
877 return undef unless defined $param && $param eq $hash->{$key};
878 }
879 return 1;
881 });
882 # /hello?to=world&test=1
884 $r->get('/hello')->requires(query => {test => 1, to => 'world'})->to('foo#bar');
885 Condition plugins
887 You can also package your conditions as reusable plugins.
888 # Plugin
890 package Mojolicious::Plugin::WerewolfCondition;
891 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious::Plugin', -signatures;
892 use Astro::MoonPhase;
894 sub register ($self, $app, $conf) {
896 # Add "werewolf" condition
898 $app->routes->add_condition(werewolf => sub ($route, $c, $captures, $days) {
899 # Keep the werewolves out!
901 return undef if abs(14 - (phase(time))[2]) > ($days / 2);
902 # It's ok, no werewolf
904 return 1;
905 });
906 }
907 1;
909 Now just load the plugin and you are ready to use the condition in all
911 your applications.
912 # Application
914 package MyApp;
915 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious', -signatures;
916 sub startup ($self) {
918 # Plugin
920 $self->plugin('WerewolfCondition');
921 # /hideout (keep them out for 4 days after full moon)
923 $self->routes->get('/hideout')->requires(werewolf => 4)->to(controller => 'foo', action => 'bar');
924 }
925 1;
927 Mount applications
929 The easiest way to embed one application into another is
930 Mojolicious::Plugin::Mount, which allows you to mount whole self-
931 contained applications under a domain and/or prefix.
932 use Mojolicious::Lite -signatures;
934 # Whole application mounted under "/prefix"
936 plugin Mount => {'/prefix' => '/home/sri/myapp/script/myapp'};
937 # Mount application with subdomain
939 plugin Mount => {'test.example.com' => '/home/sri/myapp2.pl'};
940 # Normal route
942 get '/' => sub ($c) {
943 $c->render(text => 'Hello World!');
944 };
945 app->start;
947 Embed applications
949 For a little more power you can also embed applications by using them
950 instead of a controller. This allows for example, the use of the
951 Mojolicious::Lite domain specific language in normal Mojolicious
952 controllers.
953 # Controller
955 package MyApp::Controller::Bar;
956 use Mojolicious::Lite -signatures;
957 # /hello
959 get '/hello' => sub ($c) {
960 my $name = $c->param('name');
961 $c->render(text => "Hello $name.");
962 };
963 1;
965 With the attribute "partial" in Mojolicious::Routes::Route, you can
967 allow the route to partially match and use only the remaining path in
968 the embedded application, the base path will be passed along in the
969 "path" stash value.
970 # /foo/*
972 $r->any('/foo')->partial(1)->to('bar#', name => 'Mojo');
973 A minimal embeddable application is nothing more than a subclass of
975 Mojolicious, containing a "handler" method accepting
976 Mojolicious::Controller objects.
977 package MyApp::Controller::Bar;
979 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious', -signatures;
980 sub handler ($self, $c) {
982 $c->res->code(200);
983 my $name = $c->param('name');
984 $c->res->body("Hello $name.");
985 }
986 1;
988 The host application will only share very little information with the
990 embedded application through the stash. So you cannot currently use
991 route placeholders in routes leading to embedded applications, since
992 that would cause problems with "url_for" in Mojolicious::Controller.
993 Application plugins
995 You can even package applications as self-contained reusable plugins.
996 # Plugin
998 package Mojolicious::Plugin::MyEmbeddedApp;
999 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious::Plugin', -signatures;
1000 sub register ($self, $app, $conf) {
1002 # Automatically add route
1004 $app->routes->any('/foo')->partial(1)->to(app => EmbeddedApp::app());
1005 }
1006 package EmbeddedApp;
1008 use Mojolicious::Lite;
1009 get '/bar' => 'bar';
1011 1;
1013 __DATA__
1014 @@ bar.html.ep
1015 Hello World!
1016 The "app" stash value, which won't be inherited by nested routes, can
1018 be used for already instantiated applications. Now just load the
1019 plugin and you're done.
1020 # Application
1022 package MyApp;
1023 use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious', -signatures;
1024 sub startup ($self) {
1026 # Plugin
1028 $self->plugin('MyEmbeddedApp');
1029 }
1030 1;
1032
1034 You can continue with Mojolicious::Guides now or take a look at the
1035 Mojolicious wiki <https://github.com/mojolicious/mojo/wiki>, which
1036 contains a lot more documentation and examples by many different
1037 authors.
1038
1040 If you have any questions the documentation might not yet answer, don't
1041 hesitate to ask in the Forum <https://forum.mojolicious.org> or the
1042 official IRC channel "#mojo" on "irc.libera.chat" (chat now!
1043 <https://web.libera.chat/#mojo>).
1044perl v5.34.0 2022-01-21 Mojolicious::Guides::Routing(3)