1Opcode(3pm) Perl Programmers Reference Guide Opcode(3pm)
2
6 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
7
9 use Opcode;
10
12 Perl code is always compiled into an internal format before execution.
13 Evaluating perl code (e.g. via "eval" or "do 'file'") causes the code
15 to be compiled into an internal format and then, provided there was no
16 error in the compilation, executed. The internal format is based on
17 many distinct opcodes.
18 By default no opmask is in effect and any code can be compiled.
20 The Opcode module allow you to define an operator mask to be in effect
22 when perl next compiles any code. Attempting to compile code which
23 contains a masked opcode will cause the compilation to fail with an
24 error. The code will not be executed.
25
27 The Opcode module is not usually used directly. See the ops pragma and
28 Safe modules for more typical uses.
29
31 The Opcode module does not implement an effective sandbox for
32 evaluating untrusted code with the perl interpreter.
33 Bugs in the perl interpreter that could be abused to bypass Opcode
35 restrictions are not treated as vulnerabilities. See perlsecpolicy for
36 additional information.
37 The authors make no warranty, implied or otherwise, about the
39 suitability of this software for safety or security purposes.
40 The authors shall not in any case be liable for special, incidental,
42 consequential, indirect or other similar damages arising from the use
43 of this software.
44 Your mileage will vary. If in any doubt do not use it.
46
48 The canonical list of operator names is the contents of the array
49 PL_op_name defined and initialised in file opcode.h of the Perl source
50 distribution (and installed into the perl library).
51 Each operator has both a terse name (its opname) and a more verbose or
53 recognisable descriptive name. The opdesc function can be used to
54 return a list of descriptions for a list of operators.
55 Many of the functions and methods listed below take a list of operators
57 as parameters. Most operator lists can be made up of several types of
58 element. Each element can be one of
59 an operator name (opname)
61 Operator names are typically small lowercase words like
62 enterloop, leaveloop, last, next, redo etc. Sometimes they are
63 rather cryptic like gv2cv, i_ncmp and ftsvtx.
64 an operator tag name (optag)
66 Operator tags can be used to refer to groups (or sets) of
67 operators. Tag names always begin with a colon. The Opcode
68 module defines several optags and the user can define others
69 using the define_optag function.
70 a negated opname or optag
72 An opname or optag can be prefixed with an exclamation mark,
73 e.g., !mkdir. Negating an opname or optag means remove the
74 corresponding ops from the accumulated set of ops at that
75 point.
76 an operator set (opset)
78 An opset as a binary string of approximately 44 bytes which
79 holds a set or zero or more operators.
80 The opset and opset_to_ops functions can be used to convert
82 from a list of operators to an opset and vice versa.
83 Wherever a list of operators can be given you can use one or
85 more opsets. See also Manipulating Opsets below.
86
88 The Opcode package contains functions for manipulating operator names
89 tags and sets. All are available for export by the package.
90 opcodes In a scalar context opcodes returns the number of opcodes in
92 this version of perl (around 350 for perl-5.7.0).
93 In a list context it returns a list of all the operator names.
95 (Not yet implemented, use @names = opset_to_ops(full_opset).)
96 opset (OP, ...)
98 Returns an opset containing the listed operators.
99 opset_to_ops (OPSET)
101 Returns a list of operator names corresponding to those
102 operators in the set.
103 opset_to_hex (OPSET)
105 Returns a string representation of an opset. Can be handy for
106 debugging.
107 full_opset
109 Returns an opset which includes all operators.
110 empty_opset
112 Returns an opset which contains no operators.
113 invert_opset (OPSET)
115 Returns an opset which is the inverse set of the one supplied.
116 verify_opset (OPSET, ...)
118 Returns true if the supplied opset looks like a valid opset (is
119 the right length etc) otherwise it returns false. If an
120 optional second parameter is true then verify_opset will croak
121 on an invalid opset instead of returning false.
122 Most of the other Opcode functions call verify_opset
124 automatically and will croak if given an invalid opset.
125 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET)
127 Define OPTAG as a symbolic name for OPSET. Optag names always
128 start with a colon ":".
129 The optag name used must not be defined already (define_optag
131 will croak if it is already defined). Optag names are global to
132 the perl process and optag definitions cannot be altered or
133 deleted once defined.
134 It is strongly recommended that applications using Opcode
136 should use a leading capital letter on their tag names since
137 lowercase names are reserved for use by the Opcode module. If
138 using Opcode within a module you should prefix your tags names
139 with the name of your module to ensure uniqueness and thus
140 avoid clashes with other modules.
141 opmask_add (OPSET)
143 Adds the supplied opset to the current opmask. Note that there
144 is currently no mechanism for unmasking ops once they have been
145 masked. This is intentional.
146 opmask Returns an opset corresponding to the current opmask.
148 opdesc (OP, ...)
150 This takes a list of operator names and returns the
151 corresponding list of operator descriptions.
152 opdump (PAT)
154 Dumps to STDOUT a two column list of op names and op
155 descriptions. If an optional pattern is given then only lines
156 which match the (case insensitive) pattern will be output.
157 It's designed to be used as a handy command line utility:
159 perl -MOpcode=opdump -e opdump
161 perl -MOpcode=opdump -e 'opdump Eval'
162
164 Opsets may be manipulated using the perl bit vector operators & (and),
165 | (or), ^ (xor) and ~ (negate/invert).
166 However you should never rely on the numerical position of any opcode
168 within the opset. In other words both sides of a bit vector operator
169 should be opsets returned from Opcode functions.
170 Also, since the number of opcodes in your current version of perl might
172 not be an exact multiple of eight, there may be unused bits in the last
173 byte of an upset. This should not cause any problems (Opcode functions
174 ignore those extra bits) but it does mean that using the ~ operator
175 will typically not produce the same 'physical' opset 'string' as the
176 invert_opset function.
177
179 $bool = opset_eq($opset1, $opset2) true if opsets are logically
180 equivalent
181 $yes = opset_can($opset, @ops) true if $opset has all @ops set
182 @diff = opset_diff($opset1, $opset2) => ('foo', '!bar', ...)
184
186 :base_core
187 null stub scalar pushmark wantarray const defined undef
188 rv2sv sassign
190 rv2av aassign aelem aelemfast aelemfast_lex aslice kvaslice
192 av2arylen
193 rv2hv helem hslice kvhslice each values keys exists delete
195 aeach akeys avalues multideref argelem argdefelem argcheck
196 preinc i_preinc predec i_predec postinc i_postinc
198 postdec i_postdec int hex oct abs pow multiply i_multiply
199 divide i_divide modulo i_modulo add i_add subtract i_subtract
200 left_shift right_shift bit_and bit_xor bit_or nbit_and
202 nbit_xor nbit_or sbit_and sbit_xor sbit_or negate i_negate not
203 complement ncomplement scomplement
204 lt i_lt gt i_gt le i_le ge i_ge eq i_eq ne i_ne ncmp i_ncmp
206 slt sgt sle sge seq sne scmp
207 isa
208 substr vec stringify study pos length index rindex ord chr
210 ucfirst lcfirst uc lc fc quotemeta trans transr chop schop
212 chomp schomp
213 match split qr
215 list lslice splice push pop shift unshift reverse
217 cond_expr flip flop andassign orassign dorassign and or dor xor
219 warn die lineseq nextstate scope enter leave
221 rv2cv anoncode prototype coreargs avhvswitch anonconst
223 entersub leavesub leavesublv return method method_named
225 method_super method_redir method_redir_super
226 -- XXX loops via recursion?
227 cmpchain_and cmpchain_dup
229 is_bool
231 is_weak weaken unweaken
232 leaveeval -- needed for Safe to operate, is safe
234 without entereval
235 :base_mem
237 These memory related ops are not included in :base_core because
238 they can easily be used to implement a resource attack (e.g.,
239 consume all available memory).
240 concat multiconcat repeat join range
242 anonlist anonhash
244 Note that despite the existence of this optag a memory resource
246 attack may still be possible using only :base_core ops.
247 Disabling these ops is a very heavy handed way to attempt to
249 prevent a memory resource attack. It's probable that a specific
250 memory limit mechanism will be added to perl in the near future.
251 :base_loop
253 These loop ops are not included in :base_core because they can
254 easily be used to implement a resource attack (e.g., consume all
255 available CPU time).
256 grepstart grepwhile
258 mapstart mapwhile
259 enteriter iter
260 enterloop leaveloop unstack
261 last next redo
262 goto
263 :base_io
265 These ops enable filehandle (rather than filename) based input and
266 output. These are safe on the assumption that only pre-existing
267 filehandles are available for use. Usually, to create new
268 filehandles other ops such as open would need to be enabled, if
269 you don't take into account the magical open of ARGV.
270 readline rcatline getc read
272 formline enterwrite leavewrite
274 print say sysread syswrite send recv
276 eof tell seek sysseek
278 readdir telldir seekdir rewinddir
280 :base_orig
282 These are a hotchpotch of opcodes still waiting to be considered
283 gvsv gv gelem
285 padsv padav padhv padcv padany padrange introcv clonecv
287 once
289 rv2gv refgen srefgen ref refassign lvref lvrefslice lvavref
291 blessed refaddr reftype
292 bless -- could be used to change ownership of objects
294 (reblessing)
295 regcmaybe regcreset regcomp subst substcont
297 sprintf prtf -- can core dump
299 crypt
301 tie untie
303 dbmopen dbmclose
305 sselect select
306 pipe_op sockpair
307 getppid getpgrp setpgrp getpriority setpriority
309 localtime gmtime
310 entertry leavetry -- can be used to 'hide' fatal errors
312 entertrycatch poptry catch leavetrycatch -- similar
313 entergiven leavegiven
315 enterwhen leavewhen
316 break continue
317 smartmatch
318 pushdefer
320 custom -- where should this go
322 ceil floor
324 :base_math
326 These ops are not included in :base_core because of the risk of
327 them being used to generate floating point exceptions (which would
328 have to be caught using a $SIG{FPE} handler).
329 atan2 sin cos exp log sqrt
331 These ops are not included in :base_core because they have an
333 effect beyond the scope of the compartment.
334 rand srand
336 :base_thread
338 These ops are related to multi-threading.
339 lock
341 :default
343 A handy tag name for a reasonable default set of ops. (The
344 current ops allowed are unstable while development continues. It
345 will change.)
346 :base_core :base_mem :base_loop :base_orig :base_thread
348 This list used to contain :base_io prior to Opcode 1.07.
350 If safety matters to you (and why else would you be using the
352 Opcode module?) then you should not rely on the definition of
353 this, or indeed any other, optag!
354 :filesys_read
356 stat lstat readlink
357 ftatime ftblk ftchr ftctime ftdir fteexec fteowned
359 fteread ftewrite ftfile ftis ftlink ftmtime ftpipe
360 ftrexec ftrowned ftrread ftsgid ftsize ftsock ftsuid
361 fttty ftzero ftrwrite ftsvtx
362 fttext ftbinary
364 fileno
366 :sys_db
368 ghbyname ghbyaddr ghostent shostent ehostent -- hosts
369 gnbyname gnbyaddr gnetent snetent enetent -- networks
370 gpbyname gpbynumber gprotoent sprotoent eprotoent -- protocols
371 gsbyname gsbyport gservent sservent eservent -- services
372 gpwnam gpwuid gpwent spwent epwent getlogin -- users
374 ggrnam ggrgid ggrent sgrent egrent -- groups
375 :browse
377 A handy tag name for a reasonable default set of ops beyond the
378 :default optag. Like :default (and indeed all the other optags)
379 its current definition is unstable while development continues. It
380 will change.
381 The :browse tag represents the next step beyond :default. It is a
383 superset of the :default ops and adds :filesys_read the :sys_db.
384 The intent being that scripts can access more (possibly sensitive)
385 information about your system but not be able to change it.
386 :default :filesys_read :sys_db
388 :filesys_open
390 sysopen open close
391 umask binmode
392 open_dir closedir -- other dir ops are in :base_io
394 :filesys_write
396 link unlink rename symlink truncate
397 mkdir rmdir
399 utime chmod chown
401 fcntl -- not strictly filesys related, but possibly as
403 dangerous?
404 :subprocess
406 backtick system
407 fork
409 wait waitpid
411 glob -- access to Cshell via <`rm *`>
413 :ownprocess
415 exec exit kill
416 time tms -- could be used for timing attacks (paranoid?)
418 :others
420 This tag holds groups of assorted specialist opcodes that don't
421 warrant having optags defined for them.
422 SystemV Interprocess Communications:
424 msgctl msgget msgrcv msgsnd
426 semctl semget semop
428 shmctl shmget shmread shmwrite
430 :load
432 This tag holds opcodes related to loading modules and getting
433 information about calling environment and args.
434 require dofile
436 caller runcv
437 :still_to_be_decided
439 chdir
440 flock ioctl
441 socket getpeername ssockopt
443 bind connect listen accept shutdown gsockopt getsockname
444 sleep alarm -- changes global timer state and signal handling
446 sort -- assorted problems including core dumps
447 tied -- can be used to access object implementing a tie
448 pack unpack -- can be used to create/use memory pointers
449 hintseval -- constant op holding eval hints
451 entereval -- can be used to hide code from initial compile
453 reset
455 dbstate -- perl -d version of nextstate(ment) opcode
457 :dangerous
459 This tag is simply a bucket for opcodes that are unlikely to be
460 used via a tag name but need to be tagged for completeness and
461 documentation.
462 syscall dump chroot
464
466 ops -- perl pragma interface to Opcode module.
467 Safe -- Opcode and namespace limited execution compartments
469
471 Originally designed and implemented by Malcolm Beattie,
472 mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk as part of Safe version 1.
473 Split out from Safe module version 1, named opcode tags and other
475 changes added by Tim Bunce.
476perl v5.36.3 2023-11-30 Opcode(3pm)