1KERNEL-COMMAND-LINE(7)        kernel-command-line       KERNEL-COMMAND-LINE(7)
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NAME

6       kernel-command-line - Kernel command line parameters
7

SYNOPSIS

9       /proc/cmdline
10

DESCRIPTION

12       The kernel, the programs running in the initrd and in the host system
13       may be configured at boot via kernel command line arguments. In
14       addition, various systemd tools look at the EFI variable
15       "SystemdOptions" (if available). Both sources are combined, but the
16       kernel command line has higher priority. Please note that the EFI
17       variable is only used by systemd tools, and is ignored by the kernel
18       and other user space tools, so it is not a replacement for the kernel
19       command line.
20
21       For command line parameters understood by the kernel, please see
22       kernel-parameters.html[1] and bootparam(7).
23
24       For command line parameters understood by the initrd, see
25       dracut.cmdline(7), or the documentation of the specific initrd
26       implementation of your installation.
27

CORE OS COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS

29       systemd.unit=, rd.systemd.unit=, systemd.dump_core, systemd.crash_chvt,
30       systemd.crash_shell, systemd.crash_reboot, systemd.confirm_spawn,
31       systemd.service_watchdogs, systemd.show_status,
32       systemd.status_unit_format=, systemd.log_target=, systemd.log_level=,
33       systemd.log_location=, systemd.log_color,
34       systemd.default_standard_output=, systemd.default_standard_error=,
35       systemd.setenv=, systemd.machine_id=, systemd.set_credential=,
36       systemd.import_credentials=, systemd.reload_limit_interval_sec=,
37       systemd.reload_limit_burst=
38           Parameters understood by the system and service manager to control
39           system behavior. For details, see systemd(1).
40
41       systemd.mask=, systemd.wants=, systemd.debug_shell
42           Additional parameters understood by systemd-debug-generator(8), to
43           mask or start specific units at boot, or invoke a debug shell on
44           tty9.
45
46       systemd.run=, systemd.run_success_action=, systemd.run_failure_action=
47           Additional parameters understood by systemd-run-generator(8), to
48           run a command line specified on the kernel command line as system
49           service after booting up.
50
51       systemd.early_core_pattern=
52           During early boot, the generation of core dump files is disabled
53           until a core dump handler (if any) takes over. This parameter
54           allows specifying an absolute path where core dump files should be
55           stored until a handler is installed. The path should be absolute
56           and may contain specifiers, see core(5) for details.
57
58       systemd.restore_state=
59           This parameter is understood by several system tools to control
60           whether or not they should restore system state from the previous
61           boot. For details, see systemd-backlight@.service(8) and systemd-
62           rfkill.service(8).
63
64       systemd.volatile=
65           This parameter controls whether the system shall boot up in
66           volatile mode. Takes a boolean argument, or the special value
67           "state". If false (the default), normal boot mode is selected, the
68           root directory and /var/ are mounted as specified on the kernel
69           command line or /etc/fstab, or otherwise configured. If true, full
70           state-less boot mode is selected. In this case the root directory
71           is mounted as volatile memory file system ("tmpfs"), and only /usr/
72           is mounted from the file system configured as root device, in
73           read-only mode. This enables fully state-less boots were the
74           vendor-supplied OS is used as shipped, with only default
75           configuration and no stored state in effect, as /etc/ and /var/ (as
76           well as all other resources shipped in the root file system) are
77           reset at boot and lost on shutdown. If this setting is set to
78           "state" the root file system is mounted read-only, however /var/ is
79           mounted as a volatile memory file system ("tmpfs"), so that the
80           system boots up with the normal configuration applied, but all
81           state reset at boot and lost at shutdown. If this setting is set to
82           "overlay" the root file system is set up as "overlayfs" mount
83           combining the read-only root directory with a writable "tmpfs", so
84           that no modifications are made to disk, but the file system may be
85           modified nonetheless with all changes being lost at reboot. For
86           details, see systemd-volatile-root.service(8) and systemd-fstab-
87           generator(8).
88
89       quiet
90           Parameter understood by both the kernel and the system and service
91           manager to control console log verbosity. For details, see
92           systemd(1).
93
94       debug
95           Parameter understood by both the kernel and the system and service
96           manager to control console log verbosity. For details, see
97           systemd(1).
98
99       -b, rd.emergency, emergency, rd.rescue, rescue, single, s, S, 1, 2, 3,
100       4, 5
101           Parameters understood by the system and service manager, as
102           compatibility and convenience options. For details, see systemd(1).
103
104       locale.LANG=, locale.LANGUAGE=, locale.LC_CTYPE=, locale.LC_NUMERIC=,
105       locale.LC_TIME=, locale.LC_COLLATE=, locale.LC_MONETARY=,
106       locale.LC_MESSAGES=, locale.LC_PAPER=, locale.LC_NAME=,
107       locale.LC_ADDRESS=, locale.LC_TELEPHONE=, locale.LC_MEASUREMENT=,
108       locale.LC_IDENTIFICATION=
109           Parameters understood by the system and service manager to control
110           locale and language settings. For details, see systemd(1).
111
112       fsck.mode=, fsck.repair=
113           Parameters understood by the file system checker services. For
114           details, see systemd-fsck@.service(8).
115
116       quotacheck.mode=
117           Parameter understood by the file quota checker service. For
118           details, see systemd-quotacheck.service(8).
119
120       systemd.journald.forward_to_syslog=, systemd.journald.forward_to_kmsg=,
121       systemd.journald.forward_to_console=, systemd.journald.forward_to_wall=
122           Parameters understood by the journal service. For details, see
123           systemd-journald.service(8).
124
125       vconsole.keymap=, vconsole.keymap_toggle=, vconsole.font=,
126       vconsole.font_map=, vconsole.font_unimap=
127           Parameters understood by the virtual console setup logic. For
128           details, see vconsole.conf(5).
129
130       udev.log_level=, rd.udev.log_level=, udev.children_max=,
131       rd.udev.children_max=, udev.exec_delay=, rd.udev.exec_delay=,
132       udev.event_timeout=, rd.udev.event_timeout=, udev.timeout_signal=,
133       rd.udev.timeout_signal=, udev.blockdev_read_only,
134       rd.udev.blockdev_read_only, net.ifnames=, net.naming-scheme=
135           Parameters understood by the device event managing daemon. For
136           details, see systemd-udevd.service(8).
137
138       plymouth.enable=
139           May be used to disable the Plymouth boot splash. For details, see
140           plymouth(8).
141
142       luks=, rd.luks=, luks.crypttab=, rd.luks.crypttab=, luks.name=,
143       rd.luks.name=, luks.uuid=, rd.luks.uuid=, luks.options=,
144       rd.luks.options=, luks.key=, rd.luks.key=
145           Configures the LUKS full-disk encryption logic at boot. For
146           details, see systemd-cryptsetup-generator(8).
147
148       fstab=, rd.fstab=
149           Configures the /etc/fstab logic at boot. For details, see systemd-
150           fstab-generator(8).
151
152       root=, rootfstype=, rootflags=, ro, rw
153           Configures the root file system and its file system type and mount
154           options, as well as whether it shall be mounted read-only or
155           read-write initially. For details, see systemd-fstab-generator(8).
156
157           If root= is not set (or set to "gpt-auto") the automatic root
158           partition discovery implemented by systemd-gpt-auto-generator(8)
159           will be in effect. In this case rootfstype=, rootflags=, ro, rw
160           will be interpreted by systemd-gpt-auto-generator.
161
162       mount.usr=, mount.usrfstype=, mount.usrflags=
163           Configures the /usr file system (if required) and its file system
164           type and mount options. For details, see systemd-fstab-
165           generator(8).
166
167       veritytab=, rd.veritytab=, roothash=, systemd.verity=,
168       rd.systemd.verity=, systemd.verity_root_data=,
169       systemd.verity_root_hash=, systemd.verity.root_options=, usrhash=,
170       systemd.verity_usr_data=, systemd.verity_usr_hash=,
171       systemd.verity_usr_options=
172           Configures the integrity protection root hash for the root and /usr
173           file systems, and other related parameters. For details, see
174           systemd-veritysetup-generator(8).
175
176       systemd.getty_auto=
177           Configures whether the serial-getty@.service will run. For details,
178           see systemd-getty-generator(8).
179
180       systemd.gpt_auto=, rd.systemd.gpt_auto=
181           Configures whether GPT based partition auto-discovery shall be
182           attempted. For details, see systemd-gpt-auto-generator(8).
183
184       systemd.default_timeout_start_sec=
185           Overrides the default start job timeout DefaultTimeoutStartSec= at
186           boot. For details, see systemd-system.conf(5).
187
188       systemd.watchdog_device=
189           Overrides the watchdog device path WatchdogDevice=. For details,
190           see systemd-system.conf(5).
191
192       systemd.watchdog_sec=
193           Overrides the watchdog timeout settings otherwise configured with
194           RuntimeWatchdog=, RebootWatchdog= and KExecWatchdogSec=. Takes a
195           time value (if no unit is specified, seconds is the implicitly
196           assumed time unit) or the special strings "off" or "default". For
197           details, see systemd-system.conf(5).
198
199       systemd.watchdog_pre_sec=
200           Overrides the watchdog pre-timeout settings otherwise configured
201           with RuntimeWatchdogPreSec=. Takes a time value (if no unit is
202           specified, seconds is the implicitly assumed time unit) or the
203           special strings "off" or "default". For details, see systemd-
204           system.conf(5).
205
206       systemd.watchdog_pretimeout_governor=
207           Overrides the watchdog pre-timeout settings otherwise configured
208           with RuntimeWatchdogPreGovernor=. Takes a string value. For
209           details, see systemd-system.conf(5).
210
211       systemd.cpu_affinity=
212           Overrides the CPU affinity mask for the service manager and the
213           default for all child processes it forks. This takes precedence
214           over CPUAffinity=, see systemd-system.conf(5) for details.
215
216       modules_load=, rd.modules_load=
217           Load a specific kernel module early at boot. For details, see
218           systemd-modules-load.service(8).
219
220       nameserver=, domain=
221           Configures DNS server information and search domains, see systemd-
222           resolved.service(8) for details.
223
224       resume=, resumeflags=
225           Enables resume from hibernation using the specified device and
226           mount options. All fstab(5)-like paths are supported. For details,
227           see systemd-hibernate-resume-generator(8).
228
229       systemd.firstboot=
230           Takes a boolean argument, defaults to on. If off, systemd-
231           firstboot.service(8) will not query the user for basic system
232           settings, even if the system boots up for the first time and the
233           relevant settings are not initialized yet. Not to be confused with
234           systemd.condition-first-boot= (see below), which overrides the
235           result of the ConditionFirstBoot= unit file condition, and thus
236           controls more than just systemd-firstboot.service behaviour.
237
238       systemd.condition-needs-update=
239           Takes a boolean argument. If specified, overrides the result of
240           ConditionNeedsUpdate= unit condition checks. See systemd.unit(5)
241           for details.
242
243       systemd.condition-first-boot=
244           Takes a boolean argument. If specified, overrides the result of
245           ConditionFirstBoot= unit condition checks. See systemd.unit(5) for
246           details. Not to be confused with systemd.firstboot= which only
247           controls behaviour of the systemd-firstboot.service system service
248           but has no effect on the condition check (see above).
249
250       systemd.clock-usec=
251           Takes a decimal, numeric timestamp in µs since January 1st 1970,
252           00:00am, to set the system clock to. The system time is set to the
253           specified timestamp early during boot. It is not propagated to the
254           hardware clock (RTC).
255
256       systemd.random-seed=
257           Takes a base64 encoded random seed value to credit with full
258           entropy to the kernel's random pool during early service manager
259           initialization. This option is useful in testing environments where
260           delays due to random pool initialization in entropy starved virtual
261           machines shall be avoided.
262
263           Note that if this option is used the seed is accessible to
264           unprivileged programs from /proc/cmdline. This option is hence a
265           security risk when used outside of test systems, since the
266           (possibly) only seed used for initialization of the kernel's
267           entropy pool might be easily acquired by unprivileged programs.
268
269           It is recommended to pass 512 bytes of randomized data (as that
270           matches the Linux kernel pool size), which may be generated with a
271           command like the following:
272
273               dd if=/dev/urandom bs=512 count=1 status=none | base64 -w 0
274
275           Again: do not use this option outside of testing environments, it's
276           a security risk elsewhere, as secret key material derived from the
277           entropy pool can possibly be reconstructed by unprivileged
278           programs.
279
280       systemd.hostname=
281           Accepts a hostname to set during early boot. If specified takes
282           precedence over what is set in /etc/hostname. Note that this does
283           not bar later runtime changes to the hostname, it simply controls
284           the initial hostname set during early boot.
285

HISTORY

287       systemd 252
288           Kernel command-line arguments systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy and
289           systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller were deprecated. Please
290           switch to the unified cgroup hierarchy.
291

SEE ALSO

293       systemd(1), systemd-system.conf(5), bootparam(7), dracut.cmdline(7),
294       systemd-debug-generator(8), systemd-fsck@.service(8), systemd-
295       quotacheck.service(8), systemd-journald.service(8), systemd-vconsole-
296       setup.service(8), systemd-udevd.service(8), plymouth(8), systemd-
297       cryptsetup-generator(8), systemd-veritysetup-generator(8), systemd-
298       fstab-generator(8), systemd-getty-generator(8), systemd-gpt-auto-
299       generator(8), systemd-volatile-root.service(8), systemd-modules-
300       load.service(8), systemd-backlight@.service(8), systemd-
301       rfkill.service(8), systemd-hibernate-resume-generator(8), systemd-
302       firstboot.service(8), bootctl(1)
303

NOTES

305        1. kernel-parameters.html
306           https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html
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310systemd 253                                             KERNEL-COMMAND-LINE(7)
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