nbdkit-vddk-plugin(1)

1nbdkit-vddk-plugin(1)               NBDKIT               nbdkit-vddk-plugin(1)
2
3
4

NAME

6       nbdkit-vddk-plugin - nbdkit VMware VDDK plugin
7

SYNOPSIS

9        nbdkit vddk [file=]FILENAME
10                    [compression=none|zlib|fastlz|skipz]
11                    [config=FILENAME] [cookie=COOKIE]
12                    [create=true] [create-adapter-type=ide|scsi-buslogic|...]
13                    [create-hwversion=workstation4|workstation5|...]
14                    [create-size=...] [create-type=monolithic-sparse|...]
15                    [libdir=LIBRARY]
16                    [nfchostport=PORT] [single-link=true]
17                    [password=PASSWORD | password=- | password=+FILENAME |
18                     password=-FD]
19                    [port=PORT] [server=HOSTNAME] [snapshot=MOREF]
20                    [thumbprint=THUMBPRINT] [transports=MODE:MODE:...]
21                    [unbuffered=true] [user=USERNAME] [vm=moref=ID]
22        nbdkit vddk --dump-plugin
23

DESCRIPTION

25       "nbdkit-vddk-plugin" is an nbdkit(1) plugin that serves disks from
26       local VMware VMDK files, VMware ESXi servers, VMware VCenter servers,
27       and other sources.
28
29       It requires VMware's proprietary VDDK library that you must download
30       yourself (see "LIBRARY LOCATION" below).
31
32       For an easy-to-use wrapper around this plugin which automates setting
33       things up to connect to a remote VMware server, see:
34       https://gitlab.com/nbdkit/vddk-remote
35

EXAMPLES

37   Open an existing local VMDK file
38        nbdkit vddk /absolute/path/to/file.vmdk
39
40       When opening local files the filename must be an absolute path.
41
42       Because VDDK needs to lock the file, the file must be on a writable
43       filesystem.  You can avoid this by opening the file read-only (the -r
44       option):
45
46        nbdkit -r vddk /absolute/path/to/file.vmdk
47
48   Create a new local VMDK file
49       You can use VDDK to create a VMDK file and fill it with the contents of
50       a disk image.  Note the "create-size" parameter is the virtual size of
51       the final VMDK disk image and must be at least as large as the input
52       disk:
53
54        nbdkit vddk \
55               /absolute/path/to/output.vmdk \
56               create=true create-size=100M \
57               --run 'qemu-img convert input.qcow2 $uri'
58
59   Open a file on a remote VMware ESXi hypervisor
60       Connect directly to a VMware ESXi hypervisor and export a particular
61       file:
62
63        nbdkit vddk user=root password=+/tmp/rootpw \
64                    server=esxi.example.com thumbprint=xx:xx:xx:... \
65                    vm=moref=2 \
66                    "[datastore1] Fedora/Fedora.vmdk"
67
68       "user" and "password" must be specified.  Use "password=+FILENAME" to
69       provide the password securely in a file.
70
71       "server" is the hostname of the ESXi server.
72
73       "thumbprint" is the thumb print for validating the SSL certificate.
74       How to find the thumb print of a server is described in "THUMBPRINTS"
75       below.
76
77       "vm" is the Managed Object Reference ("moref") of the virtual machine.
78       See "MANAGED OBJECT REFERENCE" below.
79
80       The file parameter is the file you want to open, usually in the form
81       "[datastore] vmname/vmname.vmdk".  See "FILE PARAMETER" below.
82
83   Open a file on a remote VMware vCenter server
84       Connect via VMware vCenter and export a particular file:
85
86        nbdkit vddk user=root password=vmware \
87                    server=vcenter.example.com thumbprint=xx:xx:xx:... \
88                    vm=moref=vm-16 \
89                    "[datastore1] Fedora/Fedora.vmdk"
90
91       "user" and "password" must be specified.  Use "password=+FILENAME" to
92       provide the password securely in a file.
93
94       "server" is the hostname of the vCenter server.
95
96       "thumbprint" is the thumb print for validating the SSL certificate.
97       How to find the thumb print of a server is described in "THUMBPRINTS"
98       below.
99
100       "vm" is the Managed Object Reference ("moref") of the virtual machine.
101       See "MANAGED OBJECT REFERENCE" below.
102
103       The file parameter is the file you want to open, usually in the form
104       "[datastore] vmname/vmname.vmdk".  See "FILE PARAMETER" below.
105

PARAMETERS

107       For opening a local VMDK file, the "file" parameter is required and
108       must be an absolute path.
109
110       For opening a remote connection, "file", "server", "thumbprint",
111       "user", "password" and "vm" are required.
112
113       All other parameters are optional.
114
115       compression=none
116       compression=zlib
117       compression=fastlz
118       compression=skipz
119           (nbdkit ≥ 1.24, vSphere ≥ 6.5)
120
121           Select the compression type used over the network between VDDK and
122           the VMware server.  The default is "none".  See VMware document
123           “Best Practices for NBD Transport”.
124
125       config=FILENAME
126           The name of the VDDK configuration file.
127
128           The config file controls rarely adjusted VDDK settings like log
129           level, caching and timeouts.  See the VDDK documentation for a full
130           list of settings.
131
132           VDDK itself looks in a few default locations for the configuration
133           file, usually including /etc/vmware/config and
134           $HOME/.vmware/config.  Using "config" overrides these defaults.
135
136       cookie=COOKIE
137           (vSphere ≥ 6.7)
138
139           Cookie from existing authenticated session on the host.
140
141           This changes the authentication type from "VIXDISKLIB_CRED_UID" to
142           "VIXDISKLIB_CRED_SESSIONID" which can improve performance.  The
143           cookie can be found by connecting to a VCenter Server over HTTPS
144           and retrieving the "vmware_soap_session" cookie.
145
146       create=true
147           (nbdkit ≥ 1.30)
148
149           Create a new, local VMDK file.  Instead of opening an existing VMDK
150           file, a new VMDK file is created and opened.  The filename is given
151           by the "file" parameter (see below).  The file must not exist
152           already.  It is not possible to create a remote file using nbdkit.
153
154           If this is used, the "create-size" parameter is required to specify
155           the virtual size of the disk.  Other "create-*" parameters (see
156           below) can be used to control the VMDK sub-format.
157
158       create-adapter-type=ide
159       create-adapter-type=scsi-buslogic
160       create-adapter-type=scsi-lsilogic
161           (nbdkit ≥ 1.30)
162
163           Specify the VMDK disk adapter type.  The default is
164           "scsi-buslogic".
165
166       create-hwversion=workstation4
167       create-hwversion=workstation5
168       create-hwversion=workstation6
169       create-hwversion=esx30
170       create-hwversion=esx4x
171       create-hwversion=esx50
172       create-hwversion=esx51
173       create-hwversion=esx55
174       create-hwversion=esx60
175       create-hwversion=esx65
176       create-hwversion=N
177           (nbdkit ≥ 1.30)
178
179           Specify the VMDK virtual hardware version.  You can give either the
180           named version or the equivalent 16 bit number.
181
182           The default is "workstation5" (N = 4).
183
184       create-size=SIZE
185           (nbdkit ≥ 1.30)
186
187           Specify the virtual size of the created disk.  The "SIZE" can use
188           modifiers like "100M" etc.  It must be a multiple of 512 bytes
189           because VMware only supports sector sizes.
190
191           If you use "create=true" then this parameter is required.
192
193       create-type=monolithic-sparse
194       create-type=monolithic-flat
195       create-type=split-sparse
196       create-type=split-flat
197       create-type=vmfs-flat
198       create-type=stream-optimized
199       create-type=vmfs-thin
200       create-type=vmfs-sparse
201           (nbdkit ≥ 1.30)
202
203           Specify the VMDK sub-format.  The default is "monolithic-sparse".
204
205           Some VMDK sub-formats use multiple files, where the "file"
206           parameter specifies the "Disk Descriptor File" and the disk
207           contents are stored in adjacent files.
208
209       [file=]FILENAME
210       [file=][datastore] vmname/vmname.vmdk
211           Set the name of the VMDK file to serve.
212
213           For local files you must supply an absolute path.  For remote files
214           see "FILE PARAMETER" section below.
215
216           If a VM has multiple disks, nbdkit can only serve one at a time.
217           To serve more than one you must run multiple copies of nbdkit.
218           (See "NOTES" below).
219
220           "file=" is a magic config key and may be omitted in most cases.
221           See "Magic parameters" in nbdkit(1).
222
223       libdir=PATHNAME
224           This sets the path of the VMware VDDK distribution.
225
226           VDDK uses this to load its own plugins, if this path is unspecified
227           or wrong then VDDK will work with reduced functionality.  See
228           "LIBRARY LOCATION" below.
229
230       nfchostport=PORT
231           Port used to establish an NFC connection to ESXi.  Defaults to 902.
232
233       password=PASSWORD
234           Set the password to use when connecting to the remote server.
235
236           Note that passing this on the command line is not secure on shared
237           machines.
238
239       password=-
240           Ask for the password (interactively) when nbdkit starts up.
241
242       password=+FILENAME
243           Read the password from the named file.  This is a secure method to
244           supply a password, as long as you set the permissions on the file
245           appropriately.
246
247       password=-FD
248           Read the password from file descriptor number "FD", inherited from
249           the parent process when nbdkit starts up.  This is also a secure
250           method to supply a password.
251
252       port=PORT
253           The port on the VCenter/ESXi host.  Defaults to 443.
254
255       server=HOSTNAME
256           The hostname or IP address of VCenter or ESXi host.
257
258       single-link=true
259           (nbdkit ≥ 1.12)
260
261           Open the current link, not the entire chain.  This corresponds to
262           the "VIXDISKLIB_FLAG_OPEN_SINGLE_LINK" flag.
263
264       snapshot=MOREF
265           The Managed Object Reference of the snapshot.  See "MANAGED OBJECT
266           REFERENCE" below.
267
268       thumbprint=THUMBPRINT
269           The SSL (SHA1) thumbprint for validating the SSL certificate.
270
271           The format is
272           "xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx" (20
273           hex digit pairs).
274
275           See "THUMBPRINTS" below for how to get this.
276
277       transports=MODE:MODE:...
278           List of one or more transport modes to use.  Possible values
279           include ‘nbd’, ‘nbdssl’, ‘san’, ‘hotadd’, ‘file’ (there may be
280           others).  If not given, VDDK will try to choose the best transport
281           mode.
282
283       unbuffered=true
284           (nbdkit ≥ 1.12)
285
286           Disable host caching.  This corresponds to the
287           "VIXDISKLIB_FLAG_OPEN_UNBUFFERED" flag.
288
289       user=USERNAME
290           The username to connect to the remote server as.
291
292       vm=moref=ID
293           The Managed Object Reference ("moref") of the virtual machine.  See
294           "MANAGED OBJECT REFERENCE" below.
295
296       vimapiver=APIVER
297           This parameter is ignored for backwards compatibility.
298

LIBRARY LOCATION

300       The VDDK library should not be placed on a system library path such as
301       /usr/lib.  The reason is that the VDDK library ships with recompiled
302       libraries like libcrypto.so and libstdc++.so that conflict with system
303       libraries.
304
305       You have two choices:
306
307       •   Place VDDK in the default libdir which is compiled into this
308           plugin, for example:
309
310            $ nbdkit vddk --dump-plugin | grep ^vddk_default_libdir
311            vddk_default_libdir=/usr/lib64/vmware-vix-disklib
312
313       •   But the best advice is to unpack the VDDK tarball anywhere you like
314           and set the "libdir=/path/to/vmware-vix-disklib-distrib".  For
315           example:
316
317            nbdkit vddk \
318                   libdir=/opt/vmware-vix-disklib-distrib \
319                   /path/to/file.vmdk
320
321   No need to set "LD_LIBRARY_PATH"
322       In nbdkit ≤ 1.16 you had to set the environment variable
323       "LD_LIBRARY_PATH" when using this plugin.  In nbdkit ≥ 1.18 this is not
324       recommended.
325

FILE PARAMETER

327       The "file" parameter can either be a local file, in which case it must
328       be the absolute path.  Or it can refer to a remote file on the VMware
329       server in the format "[datastore] vmname/vmname.vmdk".
330
331   Finding the remote filename
332       For remote files you can find the path using virsh(1).  For ESXi:
333
334        $ virsh -c 'esx://esxi.example.com?no_verify=1' dumpxml guestname
335        ...
336         <disk type='file' device='disk'>
337           <source file='[datastore] vmname/vmname.vmdk'/>
338        ...
339
340       For vCenter the command is the same but the URI starts with "vpx://":
341
342        $ virsh -c 'vpx://vcenter.example.com/Datacenter/esxi.example.com?no_verify=1' \
343                dumpxml guestname
344
345       See also: https://libvirt.org/drvesx.html
346
347   Optional file= prefix
348       The "file=" part is optional, so these commands are equivalent:
349
350        nbdkit vddk file=/path/to/file.vmdk
351        nbdkit vddk /path/to/file.vmdk
352

THUMBPRINTS

354       The thumbprint is a 20 byte string containing the SSL (SHA1)
355       fingerprint of the remote VMware server and it is required when making
356       a remote connection.  There are several ways to obtain this.
357
358   Using a web browser
359       Visit "https://SERVER-NAME/folder" and log in.  Click the lock icon
360       next to the URL bar and navigate to the SHA-1 fingerprint of the site’s
361       certificate.  This 20 hex digit pair string can be directly copied to
362       the "thumbprint=" parameter.
363
364   Using openssl remotely
365       The following command will print the thumbprint of a VMware server
366       called "SERVER-NAME":
367
368        $ openssl s_client -connect SERVER-NAME:443 </dev/null |
369          openssl x509 -in /dev/stdin -fingerprint -sha1 -noout
370
371   By logging in to the ESXi or vCenter server
372       Log in to the ESXi hypervisor shell and run this command:
373
374        # openssl x509 -in /etc/vmware/ssl/rui.crt -fingerprint -sha1 -noout
375
376       For VMware vCenter servers the thumbprint is printed on the text
377       console of the server or is available by logging in to the server and
378       using this command:
379
380        # openssl x509 -in /etc/vmware-vpx/ssl/rui.crt -fingerprint -sha1 -noout
381
382   Trick: Get VDDK to tell you the thumbprint
383       Another way to get the thumbprint of a server is to connect to the
384       server using a bogus thumbprint with debugging enabled:
385
386        nbdkit -fv vddk server=esxi.example.com [...] thumbprint=12 \
387               --run 'qemu-img info "$uri"'
388
389       The nbdkit process will try to connect (and fail because the thumbprint
390       is wrong).  However in the debug output will be a message such as this:
391
392        nbdkit: debug: VixDiskLibVim: Failed to verify SSL certificate: actual thumbprint=B2:31:BD:DE:9F:DB:9D:E0:78:EF:30:42:8A:41:B0:28:92:93:C8:DD expected=12
393
394       This gives you the server’s real thumbprint.  Of course this method is
395       not secure since it allows a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack.
396

MANAGED OBJECT REFERENCE

398       Some use cases require you to pass in the Managed Object Reference
399       ("moref") of an object on the VMware server.
400
401       For VMware ESXi hypervisors, the "vm" moref is a number (eg.
402       "vm=moref=2").  For VMware VCenter it is a string beginning with "vm-")
403       (eg. "vm=moref=vm-16").  Across ESXi and vCenter the numbers are
404       different even for the same virtual machine.
405
406       If you have libvirt ≥ 3.7, the moref is available in the virsh(1)
407       "dumpxml" output:
408
409        $ virsh -c 'esx://esxi.example.com?no_verify=1' dumpxml guestname
410        ...
411        <vmware:moref>2</vmware:moref>
412        ...
413
414       or:
415
416        $ virsh -c 'vpx://vcenter.example.com/Datacenter/esxi.example.com?no_verify=1' \
417              dumpxml guestname
418        ...
419        <vmware:moref>vm-16</vmware:moref>
420        ...
421
422       An alternative way to find the moref of a VM is using the
423       "moRefFinder.pl" script written by William Lam
424       (http://www.virtuallyghetto.com/2011/11/vsphere-moref-managed-object-reference.html
425       https://blogs.vmware.com/vsphere/2012/02/uniquely-identifying-virtual-machines-in-vsphere-and-vcloud-part-2-technical.html).
426

DUMP-PLUGIN OUTPUT

428       To query more information about the plugin (and whether it is working),
429       use:
430
431        nbdkit vddk --dump-plugin
432
433       or:
434
435        nbdkit vddk --dump-plugin libdir=/opt/vmware-vix-disklib-distrib
436
437       (see "LIBRARY LOCATION" above).
438
439       If the plugin is not present or not working you will get an error.
440
441       If it works the output will include:
442
443       "vddk_default_libdir=..."
444           The compiled-in library path.  Use "libdir=PATHNAME" to override
445           this at runtime.
446
447       "vddk_has_nfchostport=1"
448           If this is printed then the "nfchostport=PORT" parameter is
449           supported by this build.
450
451       "vddk_library_version=..."
452           The VDDK major library version: 6, 7, 8, ...  If this is omitted it
453           means the library could not be loaded.
454
455       "vddk_dll=..."
456           Prints the full path to the VDDK shared library.  Since this
457           requires a glibc extension it may not be available in all builds of
458           the plugin.
459
460       "VixDiskLib_...=1"
461           For each VDDK API that the plugin uses and which is present in the
462           VDDK library that was loaded, we print the name of the API (eg.
463           "VixDiskLib_Open=1").  This lets you see which optional APIs are
464           available, such as "VixDiskLib_Flush" and
465           "VixDiskLib_QueryAllocatedBlocks".  If the library could not be
466           loaded then these lines are not printed.
467

NOTES

469   Sector size limitation
470       The VDDK plugin can only answer read/write requests on whole 512 byte
471       sector boundaries.  This is because the VDDK Read and Write APIs only
472       take sector numbers.  If your client needs finer granularity, you can
473       use nbdkit-blocksize-filter(1):
474
475        nbdkit vddk ... --filter=blocksize minblock=512
476
477   Out of memory errors
478       In the verbose log you may see errors like:
479
480        nbdkit: vddk[3]: error: [NFC ERROR] NfcFssrvrProcessErrorMsg:
481        received NFC error 5 from server: Failed to allocate the
482        requested 2097176 bytes
483
484       This seems especially common when there are multiple parallel
485       connections open to the VMware server with large NBD reads and writes.
486
487       Increase resource limits on the server
488
489       The error above can be caused by resource limits set on the VMware
490       server.  You can increase the limit for the NFC service by editing
491       /etc/vmware/hostd/config.xml and adjusting the "<maxMemory>" setting:
492
493        <nfcsvc>
494          <path>libnfcsvc.so</path>
495          <enabled>true</enabled>
496          <maxMemory>50331648</maxMemory>
497          <maxStreamMemory>10485760</maxStreamMemory>
498        </nfcsvc>
499
500       and restarting the "hostd" service:
501
502        # /etc/init.d/hostd restart
503
504       For more information see https://bugzilla.redhat.com/1614276.
505
506       Limit request sizes
507
508       In addition, or as an alternative to adjusting the server
509       configuration, you can use nbdkit-blocksize-filter(1) to limit the
510       maximum request size.  By default this plugin translates NBD requests
511       directly into VDDK requests, and it appears that very large VDDK
512       requests can cause the error seen above.
513
514       Using:
515
516        nbdkit vddk ... --filter=blocksize minblock=512 maxdata=2M
517
518       will cause nbdkit to automatically split and combine requests so that
519       VDDK sees only sizes in the range "[512..2M]".
520
521   Troubleshooting performance problems
522       VDDK has very uneven performance with some operations being very slow.
523       This plugin has options to allow you to debug performance issues.  If
524       your application has a debug or diagnostic setting, add the following
525       nbdkit command line options:
526
527        -v -D nbdkit.backend.datapath=0 -D vddk.datapath=0 -D vddk.stats=1
528
529       "-v" enables verbose messages and the two datapath options disable the
530       very verbose per-read/-write messages.  "-D vddk.stats=1" enables a
531       summary when nbdkit exits of the cumulative time taken in each VDDK
532       function, the number of times each function was called, and (for read
533       and write) the number of bytes transferred.  An example of what those
534       stats look like can be found here:
535       https://gitlab.com/nbdkit/nbdkit/-/commit/5c80f0d290db45a679d55baf37ff39bacb8ce7ec
536
537       You can interpret the stats as follows:
538
539       "Read"
540           The cumulative time spent waiting for VDDK to return from
541           "VixDiskLib_Read" calls, the number of times this function was
542           called, and the total bytes read.  You can use this to determine
543           the read bandwidth to the VMware server.
544
545       "Write"
546       "Flush"
547           Same as above, but for writing and flushing writes.
548
549       "ReadAsync"
550       "WriteAsync"
551           Same as above, but for asynchronous read and write calls introduced
552           in nbdkit 1.30.  Unfortunately at the moment the amount of time
553           spent in these calls is not accounted for correctly.
554
555       "QueryAllocatedBlocks"
556           This call is used to query information about the sparseness of the
557           remote disk.  It is only available in VDDK ≥ 6.7.  The call is
558           notably very slow in all versions of VMware we have tested.
559
560       "Open"
561       "Close"
562       "ConnectEx"
563       "Disconnect"
564       "InitEx"
565       "Exit"
566           The cumulative time spent connecting and disconnecting from the
567           VMware server, which can also be very slow.
568

SUPPORTED VERSIONS OF VDDK

570       This plugin requires VDDK ≥ 6.5 (released Nov 2016).  It is only
571       supported on the x64-64 archtecture.
572
573       It has been tested with all versions up to 8.0.0 (but should work with
574       future versions).
575
576       VDDK 6.7 was the first version that supported the
577       "VixDiskLib_QueryAllocatedBlocks" API, required to provide extent
578       information over NBD.
579

DEBUG FLAGS

581       Debugging messages can be very helpful if you have problems connecting
582       to VMware servers, or to find the list of available transport modes, or
583       to diagnose SAN problems:
584
585        nbdkit -f -v vddk file=FILENAME [...]
586
587       Additional debug flags are available:
588
589       -D vddk.diskinfo=1
590           Debug disk information returned by "GetInfo".
591
592       -D vddk.extents=1
593           Debug extents returned by "QueryAllocatedBlocks".
594
595       -D vddk.datapath=0
596           Suppress debugging of datapath calls ("Read", "ReadAsync", "Write"
597           and "WriteAsync").
598
599       -D vddk.stats=1
600           When the plugin exits print some statistics about each VDDK call.
601

FILES

603       $plugindir/nbdkit-vddk-plugin.so
604           The plugin.
605
606           Use "nbdkit --dump-config" to find the location of $plugindir.
607

VERSION

609       "nbdkit-vddk-plugin" first appeared in nbdkit 1.2.
610

AUTHORS

620       Richard W.M. Jones
621

COPYRIGHT

623       Copyright Red Hat
624

LICENSE

626       Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
627       modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
628       met:
629
630       •   Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
631           notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
632
633       •   Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
634           notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
635           documentation and/or other materials provided with the
636           distribution.
637
638       •   Neither the name of Red Hat nor the names of its contributors may
639           be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
640           without specific prior written permission.
641
642       THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY RED HAT AND CONTRIBUTORS ''AS IS'' AND ANY
643       EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
644       IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
645       PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL RED HAT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
646       LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
647       CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
648       SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
649       BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
650       WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
651       OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
652       ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
653
654
655
656nbdkit-1.36.2                     2023-11-26             nbdkit-vddk-plugin(1)