1LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)
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NAME

6       ls - list directory contents
7

SYNOPSIS

9       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
10

DESCRIPTION

12       List  information  about  the FILEs (the current directory by default).
13       Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
14
15       Mandatory arguments to long options are  mandatory  for  short  options
16       too.
17
18       -a, --all
19              do not ignore entries starting with .
20
21       -A, --almost-all
22              do not list implied . and ..
23
24       --author
25              with -l, print the author of each file
26
27       -b, --escape
28              print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
29
30       --block-size=SIZE
31              use SIZE-byte blocks
32
33       -B, --ignore-backups
34              do not list implied entries ending with ~
35
36       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
37              file status information) with -l: show ctime and  sort  by  name
38              otherwise: sort by ctime
39
40       -C     list entries by columns
41
42       --color[=WHEN]
43              control  whether  color is used to distinguish file types.  WHEN
44              may be `never', `always', or `auto'
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46       -d, --directory
47              list directory entries instead of contents, and do not  derefer‐
48              ence symbolic links
49
50       -D, --dired
51              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
52
53       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
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55       -F, --classify
56              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
57
58       --file-type
59              likewise, except do not append `*'
60
61       --format=WORD
62              across  -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1,
63              verbose -l, vertical -C
64
65       --full-time
66              like -l --time-style=full-iso
67
68       -g     like -l, but do not list owner
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70       --group-directories-first
71              group directories before files
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73       -G, --no-group
74              in a long listing, don't print group names
75
76       -h, --human-readable
77              with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
78
79       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
80
81       -H, --dereference-command-line
82              follow symbolic links listed on the command line
83
84       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
85              follow each command line symbolic link that points to  a  direc‐
86              tory
87
88       --hide=PATTERN
89              do  not  list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden
90              by -a or -A)
91
92       --indicator-style=WORD
93              append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
94              slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
95
96       -i, --inode
97              print the index number of each file
98
99       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
100              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
101
102       -k     like --block-size=1K
103
104       -l     use a long listing format
105
106       -L, --dereference
107              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa‐
108              tion for the file the link references rather than for  the  link
109              itself
110
111       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries
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113       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
114              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
115
116       -N, --literal
117              print  raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters spe‐
118              cially)
119
120       -o     like -l, but do not list group information
121
122       -p, --indicator-style=slash
123              append / indicator to directories
124
125       -q, --hide-control-chars
126              print ? instead of non graphic characters
127
128       --show-control-chars
129              show non graphic characters as-is  (default  unless  program  is
130              `ls' and output is a terminal)
131
132       -Q, --quote-name
133              enclose entry names in double quotes
134
135       --quoting-style=WORD
136              use  quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
137              shell-always, c, escape
138
139       -r, --reverse
140              reverse order while sorting
141
142       -R, --recursive
143              list subdirectories recursively
144
145       -s, --size
146              print the size of each file, in blocks
147
148       -S     sort by file size
149
150       --sort=WORD
151              sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension  -X,  size  -S,
152              time -t, version -v
153
154       --time=WORD
155              with  -l,  show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime
156              -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or  status  -c;  use  specified
157              time as sort key if --sort=time
158
159       --time-style=STYLE
160              with  -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso,
161              locale, +FORMAT.  FORMAT is interpreted like `date';  if  FORMAT
162              is  FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
163              and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-',
164              STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
165
166       -t     sort by modification time
167
168       -T, --tabsize=COLS
169              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
170
171       -u     with  -lt:  sort  by, and show, access time with -l: show access
172              time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
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174       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order
175
176       -v     sort by version
177
178       -w, --width=COLS
179              assume screen width instead of current value
180
181       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns
182
183       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension
184
185       -1     list one file per line
186
187       SELinux options:
188
189       --lcontext
190              Display security context.   Enable -l. Lines  will  probably  be
191              too wide for most displays.
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193       -Z, --context
194              Display  security context so it fits on most displays.  Displays
195              only mode, user, group, security context and file name.
196
197       --scontext
198              Display only security context and file name.
199
200       --help display this help and exit
201
202       --version
203              output version information and exit
204
205       SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one  of  fol‐
206       lowing: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T,
207       P, E, Z, Y.
208
209       By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files.   That  is
210       equivalent to using --color=none.  Using the --color option without the
211       optional WHEN argument is equivalent  to  using  --color=always.   With
212       --color=auto,  color  codes  are output only if standard output is con‐
213       nected to a terminal (tty).  The  environment  variable  LS_COLORS  can
214       influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.
215
216       Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.
217

AUTHOR

219       Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.
220

REPORTING BUGS

222       Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
223
225       Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
226       This  is  free  software.   You may redistribute copies of it under the
227       terms      of      the      GNU      General       Public       License
228       <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.   There  is NO WARRANTY, to the
229       extent permitted by law.
230

SEE ALSO

232       The full documentation for ls is maintained as a  Texinfo  manual.   If
233       the  info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com‐
234       mand
235
236              info ls
237
238       should give you access to the complete manual.
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240
241
242GNU coreutils 6.9                 March 2007                             LS(1)
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