1LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)
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NAME

6       ls - list directory contents
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SYNOPSIS

9       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
10

DESCRIPTION

12       List  information  about  the FILEs (the current directory by default).
13       Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort  is  speci‐
14       fied.
15
16       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
17       too.
18
19       -a, --all
20              do not ignore entries starting with .
21
22       -A, --almost-all
23              do not list implied . and ..
24
25       --author
26              with -l, print the author of each file
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28       -b, --escape
29              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
30
31       --block-size=SIZE
32              with  -l,  scale  sizes  by  SIZE  when  printing  them;   e.g.,
33              '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
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35       -B, --ignore-backups
36              do not list implied entries ending with ~
37
38       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
39              file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by  name;
40              otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
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42       -C     list entries by columns
43
44       --color[=WHEN]
45              colorize  the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted),
46              'auto', or 'never'; more info below
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48       -d, --directory
49              list directories themselves, not their contents
50
51       -D, --dired
52              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
53
54       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
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56       -F, --classify
57              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
58
59       --file-type
60              likewise, except do not append '*'
61
62       --format=WORD
63              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column  -1,
64              verbose -l, vertical -C
65
66       --full-time
67              like -l --time-style=full-iso
68
69       -g     like -l, but do not list owner
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71       --group-directories-first
72              group directories before files;
73
74              can   be  augmented  with  a  --sort  option,  but  any  use  of
75              --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
76
77       -G, --no-group
78              in a long listing, don't print group names
79
80       -h, --human-readable
81              with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
82
83       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
84
85       -H, --dereference-command-line
86              follow symbolic links listed on the command line
87
88       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
89              follow each command line symbolic link
90
91              that points to a directory
92
93       --hide=PATTERN
94              do not list implied entries matching shell  PATTERN  (overridden
95              by -a or -A)
96
97       --hyperlink[=WHEN]
98              hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted),
99              'auto', or 'never'
100
101       --indicator-style=WORD
102              append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
103              slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
104
105       -i, --inode
106              print the index number of each file
107
108       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
109              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
110
111       -k, --kibibytes
112              default  to  1024-byte  blocks for disk usage; used only with -s
113              and per directory totals
114
115       -l     use a long listing format
116
117       -L, --dereference
118              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa‐
119              tion  for  the file the link references rather than for the link
120              itself
121
122       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries
123
124       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
125              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
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127       -N, --literal
128              print entry names without quoting
129
130       -o     like -l, but do not list group information
131
132       -p, --indicator-style=slash
133              append / indicator to directories
134
135       -q, --hide-control-chars
136              print ? instead of nongraphic characters
137
138       --show-control-chars
139              show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is
140              'ls' and output is a terminal)
141
142       -Q, --quote-name
143              enclose entry names in double quotes
144
145       --quoting-style=WORD
146              use  quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
147              shell-always,  shell-escape,  shell-escape-always,   c,   escape
148              (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
149
150       -r, --reverse
151              reverse order while sorting
152
153       -R, --recursive
154              list subdirectories recursively
155
156       -s, --size
157              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
158
159       -S     sort by file size, largest first
160
161       --sort=WORD
162              sort  by  WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t),
163              version (-v), extension (-X)
164
165       --time=WORD
166              with -l, show time as WORD instead of default modification time:
167              atime  or  access  or  use  (-u); ctime or status (-c); also use
168              specified time as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)
169
170       --time-style=TIME_STYLE
171              time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below
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173       -t     sort by modification time, newest first
174
175       -T, --tabsize=COLS
176              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
177
178       -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l:  show  access
179              time  and  sort  by name; otherwise: sort by access time, newest
180              first
181
182       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order
183
184       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text
185
186       -w, --width=COLS
187              set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit
188
189       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns
190
191       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension
192
193       -Z, --context
194              print any security context of each file
195
196       -1     list one file per line.  Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
197
198       --help display this help and exit
199
200       --version
201              output version information and exit
202
203       The SIZE argument is an integer and  optional  unit  (example:  10K  is
204       10*1024).   Units  are  K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y  (powers  of 1024) or KB,MB,...
205       (powers of 1000).
206
207       The TIME_STYLE argument can be  full-iso,  long-iso,  iso,  locale,  or
208       +FORMAT.   FORMAT  is  interpreted  like in date(1).  If FORMAT is FOR‐
209       MAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FOR‐
210       MAT2  to  recent files.  TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect
211       only outside the POSIX locale.  Also the TIME_STYLE  environment  vari‐
212       able sets the default style to use.
213
214       Using  color  to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
215       with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only  when
216       standard  output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment
217       variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.
218
219   Exit status:
220       0      if OK,
221
222       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
223
224       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
225

AUTHOR

227       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
228

REPORTING BUGS

230       GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
231       Report ls translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>
232
234       Copyright © 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.   License  GPLv3+:  GNU
235       GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
236       This  is  free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
237       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
238

SEE ALSO

240       Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
241       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'
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245GNU coreutils 8.30                 July 2018                             LS(1)
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