1ls(1) User Commands ls(1)
2
6 ls - list contents of directory
7
9 /usr/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHiklLmnopqrRsStuUwvVx1@]
10 [-/ c | v] [-% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all]
11 [--block-size size] [--color[=when]] [--file-type]
12 [--si] [--time-style style] [file]...
13 /usr/xpg4/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHiklLmnopqrRsStuUwvVx1@]
16 [-/ c | v] [-% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all]
17 [--block-size size] [--color[=when]] [--file-type]
18 [--si] [--time-style style] [file]...
19 /usr/xpg6/bin/ls [-aAbcCdeEfFghHiklLmnopqrRsStuUwvVx1@]
22 [-/ c | v] [-% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all]
23 [--block-size size] [--color[=when]] [--file-type]
24 [--si] [--time-style style] [file]...
25
28 For each file that is a directory, ls lists the contents of the direc‐
29 tory. For each file that is an ordinary file, ls repeats its name and
30 any other information requested. The output is sorted alphabetically by
31 default. When no argument is given, the current directory (.) is
32 listed. When several arguments are given, the arguments are first
33 sorted appropriately, but file arguments appear before directories and
34 their contents.
35 There are three major listing formats. The default format for output
38 directed to a terminal is multi−column with entries sorted down the
39 columns. The -1 option allows single column output and -m enables
40 stream output format. In order to determine output formats for the -C,
41 -x, and -m options, ls uses an environment variable, COLUMNS, to deter‐
42 mine the number of character positions available on one output line. If
43 this variable is not set, the terminfo(4) database is used to determine
44 the number of columns, based on the environment variable, TERM. If this
45 information cannot be obtained, 80 columns are assumed. If the -w
46 option is used, the argument overrides any other column width.
47 The mode printed when the -e, -E, -g, -l, -n, -o, -v, -V, or -@ option
50 is in effect consists of eleven characters. The first character can be
51 one of the following:
52 d
54 The entry is a directory.
56 D
59 The entry is a door.
61 l
64 The entry is a symbolic link.
66 b
69 The entry is a block special file.
71 c
74 The entry is a character special file.
76 p
79 The entry is a FIFO (or "named pipe") special file.
81 P
84 The entry is an event port.
86 s
89 The entry is an AF_UNIX address family socket.
91 −
94 The entry is an ordinary file.
96 The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits each.
100 The first set refers to the owner's permissions; the next to permis‐
101 sions of others in the user-group of the file; and the last to all oth‐
102 ers. Within each set, the three characters indicate permission to read,
103 to write, and to execute the file as a program, respectively. For a
104 directory, execute permission is interpreted to mean permission to
105 search the directory for a specified file. The character after permis‐
106 sions is an ACL or extended attributes indicator. This character is an
107 @ if extended attributes are associated with the file and the -@ option
108 is in effect. Otherwise, this character is a plus sign (+) character if
109 a non-trivial ACL is associated with the file or a space character if
110 not.
111 If -/ and/or -% are in effect, then the extended system attributes are
114 printed when filesystem supports extended system attributes. The dis‐
115 play looks as follows:
116 $ls -/ c file
118 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
119 {AHRSadim-u}
120 $ls -/ v file
122 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
123 {archive,hidden,readonly,system,appendonly\
124 nodump,immutable, av_modified,\
125 noav_quarantined,nounlink}
126 $ls -l -% all file
128 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
129 timestamp: atime Jun 25 12:56:44 2007
130 timestamp: ctime May 10 14:20:23 2007
131 timestamp: mtime May 10 14:17:56 2007
132 timestamp: crtime May 10 14:17:56 2007
133 See the option descriptions of the -/ and -% option for details.
138 ls -l (the long list) prints its output as follows for the POSIX
141 locale:
142 -rwxrwxrwx+ 1 smith dev 10876 May 16 9:42 part2
144 Reading from right to left, you see that the current directory holds
149 one file, named part2. Next, the last time that file's contents were
150 modified was 9:42 A.M. on May 16. The file contains 10,876 characters,
151 or bytes. The owner of the file, or the user, belongs to the group dev
152 (perhaps indicating development), and his or her login name is smith.
153 The number, in this case 1, indicates the number of links to file part2
154 (see cp(1)). The plus sign indicates that there is an ACL associated
155 with the file. If the -@ option has been specified, the presence of
156 extended attributes supersede the presence of an ACL and the plus sign
157 is replaced with an 'at' sign (@). Finally, the dash and letters tell
158 you that user, group, and others have permissions to read, write, and
159 execute part2.
160 The execute (x) symbol occupies the third position of the three-charac‐
163 ter sequence. A − in the third position would have indicated a denial
164 of execution permissions.
165 The permissions are indicated as follows:
168 r
170 The file is readable.
172 w
175 The file is writable.
177 x
180 The file is executable.
182 −
185 The indicated permission is not granted.
187 s
190 The set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit is on, and the corresponding
192 user or group execution bit is also on.
193 S
196 Undefined bit-state (the set-user-ID or set-group-id bit is on and
198 the user or group execution bit is off). For group permissions,
199 this applies only to non-regular files.
200 t
203 The 1000 (octal) bit, or sticky bit, is on (see chmod(1)), and exe‐
205 cution is on.
206 T
209 The 1000 bit is turned on, and execution is off (undefined bit-
211 state).
212 /usr/bin/ls
215 l
216 Mandatory locking occurs during access (on a regular file, the set-
218 group-ID bit is on and the group execution bit is off).
219 /usr/xpg4/bin/ls and /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
222 L
223 Mandatory locking occurs during access (on a regular file, the set-
225 group-ID bit is on and the group execution bit is off).
226 For user and group permissions, the third position is sometimes occu‐
230 pied by a character other than x or -. s or S also can occupy this
231 position, referring to the state of the set-ID bit, whether it be the
232 user's or the group's. The ability to assume the same ID as the user
233 during execution is, for example, used during login when you begin as
234 root but need to assume the identity of the user you login as.
235 In the case of the sequence of group permissions, l can occupy the
238 third position. l refers to mandatory file and record locking. This
239 permission describes a file's ability to allow other files to lock its
240 reading or writing permissions during access.
241 For others permissions, the third position can be occupied by t or T.
244 These refer to the state of the sticky bit and execution permissions.
245 Color Output
247 If color output is enabled, the environment variable LS_COLORS is
248 checked. If it exists, it's contents are used to control the colors
249 used to display filenames. If it is not set, a default list of colors
250 is used. The format of LS_COLORS is a colon separated list of attribute
251 specifications. Each attribute specification is of the format
252 filespec=attr[;attr..]
254 filespec is either of the form *.SUFFIX, for example, *.jar or *.Z, or
259 one of the following file types:
260 no
262 Normal file
264 fi
267 Regular file
269 di
272 Directory
274 ln
277 Symbolic link
279 pi
282 FIFO or named pipe
284 so
287 Socket
289 do
292 Door file
294 bd
297 Block device
299 cd
302 Character device
304 ex
307 Execute bit (either user, group, or other) set
309 po
312 Event port
314 st
317 Sticky bit set
319 or
322 Orphaned symlink
324 sg
327 setgid binary
329 su
332 setuid binary
334 ow
337 world writable
339 tw
342 Sticky bit and world writable
344 attr is a semicolon delimited list of color and display attributes
348 which are combined to determine the final output color. Any combination
349 of attr values can be specified. Possible attr values are:
350 00
352 All attributes off (default terminal color)
354 01
357 Display text in bold
359 04
362 Display text with an underscore
364 05
367 Display text in bold
369 07
372 Display text with foreground and background colors reversed
374 08
377 Display using concealed text.
379 One of the following values can be chosen. If multiple values are spec‐
383 ified, the last specified value is used.
384 30
386 Set foreground to black.
388 31
391 Set foreground to red.
393 32
396 Set foreground to green.
398 33
401 Set foreground to yellow.
403 34
406 Set foreground to blue.
408 35
411 Set foreground to magenta (purple).
413 Set foreground to .
415 36
418 Set foreground to cyan.
420 37
423 Set foreground to white.
425 39
428 Set foreground to default terminal color.
430 One of the following can be specified. If multiple values are speci‐
434 fied, the last value specified is used.
435 40
437 Set foreground to black.
439 41
442 Set foreground to red.
444 42
447 Set foreground to green.
449 43
452 Set foreground to yellow.
454 44
457 Set foreground to blue.
459 45
462 Set foreground to magenta (purple).
464 46
467 Set foreground to cyan.
469 47
472 Set foreground to white.
474 49
477 Set foreground to default terminal color.
479 On some terminals, setting the bold attribute causes the foreground
483 colors to be high-intensity, that is, brighter. In such cases the low-
484 intensity yellow is often displayed as a brown or orange color.
485 At least one attribute must be listed for a file specification.
488 The appropriate color codes are chosen by selecting the most specific
491 match, starting with the file suffixes and proceeding with the file
492 types until a match is found. The no (normal file) type matches any
493 file.
494
496 The following options are supported:
497 /usr/bin/ls, /usr/xpg4/bin/ls, and /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
499 The following options are supported for all three versions:
500 -a
502 --all
503 Lists all entries, including those that begin with a dot (.), which
505 are normally not listed.
506 -A
509 --almost-all
510 Lists all entries, including those that begin with a dot (.), with
512 the exception of the working directory (.) and the parent directory
513 (..).
514 -b
517 --escape
518 Forces printing of non-printable characters to be in the octal \ddd
520 notation.
521 -B
524 --ignore-backups
525 Do not display any files ending with a tilde (~).
527 -c
530 Uses time of last modification of the i-node (file created, mode
532 changed, and so forth) for sorting (-t) or printing (-l or -n).
533 -C
536 Multi-column output with entries sorted down the columns. This is
538 the default output format.
539 -d
542 If an argument is a directory, lists only its name (not its con‐
544 tents). Often used with -l to get the status of a directory.
545 -e
548 The same as -l, except displays time to the second, and with one
550 format for all files regardless of age: mmm dd hh:mm:ss yyyy.
551 -E
554 The same as -l, except displays time to the nanosecond and with one
556 format for all files regardless of age: yyyy-mm-dd
557 hh:mm:ss.nnnnnnnnn (ISO 8601:2000 format).
558 In addition, this option displays the offset from UTC in ISO
560 8601:2000 standard format (+hhmm or -hhmm) or no characters if the
561 offset is indeterminable. The offset reflects the appropriate stan‐
562 dard or alternate offset in force at the file's displayed date and
563 time, under the current timezone.
564 -f
567 Forces each argument to be interpreted as a directory and list the
569 name found in each slot. This option turns off -l, -t, -s, -S, and
570 -r, and turns on -a. The order is the order in which entries appear
571 in the directory.
572 -F
575 --classify
576 Append a symbol after certain types of files to indicate the file
578 type. The following symbols are used:
579 /
581 Directory
583 >
586 Door file
588 |
591 Named pipe (FIFO)
593 @
596 Symbolic link
598 =
601 Socket
603 *
606 Executable
608 -g
612 The same as -l, except that the owner is not printed.
614 -h
617 --human-readable
618 All sizes are scaled to a human readable format, for example, 14K,
620 234M, 2.7G, or 3.0T. Scaling is done by repetitively dividing by
621 1024. The last --si or -h option determines the divisor used.
622 -H
625 --dereference-command-line
626 If an argument is a symbolic link that references a directory, this
628 option evaluates the file information and file type of the direc‐
629 tory that the link references, rather than those of the link
630 itself. However, the name of the link is displayed, rather than the
631 referenced directory.
632 -i
635 --inode
636 For each file, prints the i-node number in the first column of the
638 report.
639 -k
642 All sizes are printed in kbytes. Equivalent to --block-size=1024.
644 -l
647 Lists in long format, giving mode, ACL indication, number of links,
649 owner, group, size in bytes, and time of last modification for each
650 file (see above). If the file is a special file, the size field
651 instead contains the major and minor device numbers. If the time of
652 last modification is greater than six months ago, it is shown in
653 the format `month date year' for the POSIX locale. When the LC_TIME
654 locale category is not set to the POSIX locale, a different format
655 of the time field can be used. Files modified within six months
656 show `month date time'. If the file is a symbolic link, the file‐
657 name is printed followed by "→" and the path name of the referenced
658 file.
659 -L
662 --dereference
663 If an argument is a symbolic link, this option evaluates the file
665 information and file type of the file or directory that the link
666 references, rather than those of the link itself. However, the name
667 of the link is displayed, rather than the referenced file or direc‐
668 tory.
669 -m
672 Streams output format. Files are listed across the page, separated
674 by commas.
675 -n
678 --numeric-uid-gid
679 The same as -l, except that the owner's UID and group's GID numbers
681 are printed, rather than the associated character strings.
682 -o
685 --no-group
686 The same as -l, except that the group is not printed.
688 -p
691 Puts a slash (/) after each filename if the file is a directory.
693 -q
696 --hide-control-chars
697 Forces printing of non-printable characters in file names as the
699 character question mark (?).
700 -r
703 --reverse
704 Reverses the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic, oldest first,
706 or smallest file size first as appropriate.
707 -R
710 --recursive
711 Recursively lists subdirectories encountered.
713 -s
716 --size
717 Indicate the total number of file system blocks consumed by each
719 file displayed.
720 -S
723 Sort by file size (in decreasing order) and for files with the same
725 size by file name (in increasing alphabetic order) instead of just
726 by name.
727 -t
730 Sorts by time stamp (latest first) instead of by name. The default
732 is the last modification time. See -c, -u and -%.
733 -u
736 Uses time of last access instead of last modification for sorting
738 (with the -t option) or printing (with the -l option).
739 -U
742 Output is unsorted.
744 -v
747 The same as -l, except that verbose ACL information is displayed as
749 well as the -l output. ACL information is displayed even if the
750 file or directory doesn't have an ACL.
751 -V
754 The same as -l, except that compact ACL information is displayed
756 after the -l output.
757 The -V option is only applicable to file systems that support NFSv4
759 ACLs, such as the Solaris ZFS file system.
760 The format of the displayed ACL is as follows:
762 entry_type : permissions : inheritance_flags : access_type
764 entry_type is displayed as one of the following:
767 user:username
769 Additional user access for username.
771 group:groupname
774 Additional group access for group groupname.
776 owner@
779 File owner.
781 group@
784 File group owner.
786 everyone@
789 Everyone access, including file owner and file group owner.
791 This is not equivalent to the POSIX other class.
792 The following permissions, supported by the NFSv4 ACL model, are
794 displayed by using the -v or -V options:
795 read_data (r)
797 Permission to read the data of a file.
799 list_directory (r)
802 Permission to list the contents of a directory.
804 write_data (w)
807 Permission to modify a file's data. anywhere in the file's off‐
809 set range.
810 add_file (w)
813 Permission to add a new file to a directory.
815 append_data (p)
818 The ability to modify a file's data, but only starting at EOF.
820 add_subdirectory (p)
823 Permission to create a subdirectory to a directory.
825 read_xattr (R)
828 Ability to read the extended attributes of a file.
830 write_xattr (W)
833 Ability to create extended attributes or write to the extended
835 attribute directory.
836 execute (x)
839 Permission to execute a file.
841 read_attributes (a)
844 The ability to read basic attributes (non-ACLs) of a file.
846 write_attributes (A)
849 Permission to change the times associated with a file or direc‐
851 tory to an arbitrary value.
852 delete (d)
855 Permission to delete a file.
857 delete_child (D)
860 Permission to delete a file within a directory.
862 read_acl (c)
865 Permission to read the ACL of a file.
867 write_acl (C)
870 Permission to write the ACL of a file.
872 write_owner (o)
875 Permission to change the owner of a file.
877 synchronize (s)
880 Permission to access file locally at server with synchronize
882 reads and writes.
883 -
886 No permission granted
888 The following inheritance flags, supported by the NFSv4 ACL model,
890 are displayed by using the -v or -V options:
891 file_inherit (f)
893 Inherit to all newly created files.
895 dir_inherit (d)
898 Inherit to all newly created directories.
900 inherit_only (i)
903 When placed on a directory, do not apply to the directory, only
905 to newly created files and directories. This flag requires that
906 either file_inherit and or dir_inherit is also specified.
907 no_propagate (n)
910 Indicates that ACL entries should be inherited to objects in a
912 directory, but inheritance should stop after descending one
913 level. This flag is dependent upon either file_inherit and or
914 dir_inherit also being specified.
915 successful_access (S)
918 Indicates if an alarm or audit record should be initiated upon
920 successful accesses. Used with audit/alarm ACE types.
921 failed_access (F)
924 Indicates if an alarm or audit record should be initiated when
926 access fails. Used with audit/alarm ACE types.
927 inherited (I)
930 ACE was inherited.
932 -
935 No permission granted.
937 access_type is displayed as one of the following types:
939 alarm Permission field that specifies permissions that should
941 trigger an alarm.
942 allow Permission field that specifies allow permissions.
945 audit Permission field that specifies permissions that should be
948 audited.
949 deny Permission field that specifies deny permissions.
952 For example:
954 $ ls -dV /sandbox/dir.1
956 drwxr-xr-x+ 2 root root 2 Jan 17 15:09 dir.1
957 user:marks:r-------------:fd-----:allow
958 owner@:--------------:-------:deny
959 owner@:rwxp---A-W-Co-:-------:allow
960 group@:-w-p----------:-------:deny
961 group@:r-x-----------:-------:allow
962 everyone@:-w-p---A-W-Co-:-------:deny
963 everyone@:r-x---a-R-c--s:-------:allow
964 $
965 ||||||||||||||||:||||||+ inherited access
966 ||||||||||||||:||||||+ failed access
967 ||||||||||||||:|||||+--success access
968 ||||||||||||||:||||+-- no propagate
969 ||||||||||||||:|||+--- inherit only
970 ||||||||||||||:||+---- directory inherit
971 ||||||||||||||:|+----- file inherit
972 ||||||||||||||
973 ||||||||||||||+ sync
974 |||||||||||||+- change owner
975 ||||||||||||+-- write ACL
976 |||||||||||+--- read ACL
977 ||||||||||+---- write extended attributes
978 |||||||||+----- read extended attributes
979 ||||||||+------ write attributes
980 |||||||+------- read attributes
981 ||||||+-------- delete child
982 |||||+--------- delete
983 ||||+---------- append
984 |||+----------- execute
985 ||+------------ write data
986 |+------------- read data
987 -w cols
992 --width cols
993 Multi-column output where the column width is forced to cols.
995 -x
998 Multi-column output with entries sorted across rather than down the
1000 page.
1001 -1
1004 Prints one entry per line of output.
1006 -@
1009 The same as -l, except that extended attribute information over‐
1011 rides ACL information. An @ is displayed after the file permission
1012 bits for files that have extended attributes.
1013 -c | -v
1016 The same as -l, and in addition displays the extended system
1018 attributes associated with the file when extended system attributes
1019 are fully supported by the underlying file system. The option -/
1020 supports two option arguments c (compact mode) and v (verbose
1021 mode).
1022 appendonly
1024 Allows a file to be modified only at offset EOF. Attempts to
1026 modify a file at a location other than EOF fails with EPERM.
1027 archive
1030 Indicates if a file has been modified since it was last backed
1032 up. Whenever the modification time (mtime) of a file is changed
1033 the archive attribute is set.
1034 av_modified
1037 ZFS sets the anti-virus attribute which whenever a file's con‐
1039 tent or size changes or when the file is renamed.
1040 av_quarantined
1043 Anti-virus software sets to mark a file as quarantined.
1045 crtime
1048 Timestamp when a file is created.
1050 hidden
1053 Marks a file as hidden.
1055 immutable
1058 Prevents the content of a file from being modified. Also pre‐
1060 vents all metadata changes, except for access time updates.
1061 When placed on a directory, prevents the deletion and creation
1062 of files in the directories. Attempts to modify the content of
1063 a file or directory marked as immutable fail with EPERM.
1064 Attempts to modify any attributes (with the exception of access
1065 time and, with the proper privileges, the immutable) of a file
1066 marked as immutable fails with EPERM.
1067 nodump
1070 Solaris systems have no special semantics for this attribute.
1072 nounlink
1075 Prevents a file from being deleted. On a directory, the
1077 attribute also prevents any changes to the contents of the
1078 directory. That is, no files within the directory can be
1079 removed or renamed. The errno EPERM is returned when attempting
1080 to unlink or rename files and directories that are marked as
1081 nounlink.
1082 readonly
1085 Marks a file as readonly. Once a file is marked as readonly the
1087 content data of the file cannot be modified. Other metadata for
1088 the file can still be modified.
1089 system
1092 Solaris systems have no special semantics for this attribute.
1094 The display characters used in compact mode (-/ c) are as follows:
1099 Attribute Name Display
1101 archive A
1102 hidden H
1103 readonly R
1104 system S
1105 appendonly a
1106 nodump d
1107 immutable i
1108 av_modified m
1109 av_quarantined q
1110 nounlink u
1111 The display in verbose mode (/ v) uses full attribute names when it is
1116 set and the name prefixed by 'no' when it is not set.
1117 The attribute name crtime and all other timestamps are handled by the
1120 option -% with the respective timestamp option arguments and also with
1121 all option argument. The display positions are as follows: The display
1122 in verbose mode (-/ v) uses full attribute names when it is set and
1123 the name prefixed by no when it is not set. The attribute name crtime
1124 and all other timestamps are handled by the option -% with the respec‐
1125 tive timestamp option arguments and also with all option argument.
1126 The display positions are as follows:
1129 {||||||||||}
1131 |||||||||+- u (nounlink)
1132 ||||||||+-- q (av_quarantined)
1133 |||||||+--- m (av_modified)
1134 ||||||+---- i (immutable)
1135 |||||+----- d (nodump)
1136 ||||+------ a (appendonly)
1137 |||+------- S (system)
1138 ||+-------- R (readonly)
1139 |+--------- H (hidden)
1140 +---------- A (archive)
1141 -% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all
1145 atime
1149 Equivalent to -u.
1151 crtime
1154 Uses the creation time of the file for sorting or printing.
1156 ctime
1159 Equivalent to -c.
1161 mtime
1164 Uses the last modification time of the file contents for sorting or
1166 printing.
1167 If extended system attributes are not supported or if the user does not
1171 have read permission on the file or if the crtime extended attribute is
1172 not set, crtime is treated as a synonym for mtime.
1173 When option argument -all is specified, all available timestamps are
1176 printed which includes -atime, -ctime, -mtime and on the extended sys‐
1177 tem attribute supporting file systems, -crtime (create time). The
1178 option -% all does not effect which timestamp is displayed in long for‐
1179 mat and does not affect sorting.
1180 --block-size size
1182 Display sizes in multiples of size. Size can be scaled by suffixing
1184 one of YyZzEePpTtGgMmKk. Additionally, a B can be placed at the end
1185 to indicate powers of 10 instead of 2. For example, . 10mB means
1186 blocks of 10000000 bytes while 10m means blocks of 10*2^20 --
1187 10485760 -- bytes. This is mutually exclusive with the -h option.
1188 --color [=when]
1191 --colour[=when]
1192 Display filenames using color on color-capable terminals. when is
1194 an optional argument that determines when to display color output.
1195 Possible values for when are:
1197 always
1199 yes
1200 force
1201 Always use color.
1203 auto
1206 tty
1207 if-tty
1208 Use color if a terminal is present.
1210 no
1213 never
1214 none
1215 Never use color. This is the default
1217 See COLOR OUTPUT for information on how to control the output col‐
1219 ors.
1220 --file-type
1223 Display a suffix after a file depending on it's type, similar to
1225 the -F option, except * is not appended to executable files.
1226 -si
1229 --
1230 Display human scaled sizes similar to the -h option, except values
1232 are repeatedly divided by 1000 instead of 1024. The last option
1233 --si or -h determines the divisor used.
1234 --time-style style
1237 Display times using the specified style. This does not effect the
1239 times displayed for extended attributes (-%).
1240 Possible values for style are:
1242 full-iso
1244 Equivalent to -E.
1246 long-iso
1249 Display in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM for all files.
1251 iso
1254 Display older files using YYYY-MM-DD and newer files with MM-DD
1256 HH:MM.
1257 locale
1260 Use the default locale format for old and new files. This is
1262 the default.
1263 +FORMAT
1266 Use a custom format. Values are the same as described in strf‐
1268 time(3C). If a NEWLINE appears in the string, the first line is
1269 used for older files and the second line is used for newer
1270 files. Otherwise, the given format is used for all files.
1271 /usr/bin/ls
1275 -F
1276 Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a trailing
1278 greater-than sign (>), executable files with a trailing asterisk
1279 (*), FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with a
1280 trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family sockets with a
1281 trailing equals sign (=). Follows symlinks named as operands.
1282 --file-type
1285 Marks entries as with -F with the exception of executable files.
1287 Executable files are not marked. Follows symlinks named as oper‐
1288 ands.
1289 Specifying more than one of the options in the following mutually
1293 exclusive pairs is not considered an error: -C and -l (ell), -m and -l
1294 (ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell). The -l option overrides the
1295 other option specified in each pair.
1296 Specifying more than one of the options in the following mutually
1299 exclusive groups is not considered an error: -C and -1 (one), -H and
1300 -L, -c and -u, and -e and -E, and -t and -S. The last option specifying
1301 a specific timestamp (-c, -u, -% atime , -% crtime, -% ctime, and -%
1302 mtime) determines the timestamps used for sorting or in long format
1303 listings. The last option -t, -S, or -U determines the sorting behav‐
1304 ior.
1305 /usr/xpg4/bin/ls
1307 -F
1308 Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a trailing
1310 greater-than sign (>), executable files with a trailing asterisk
1311 (*), FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with a
1312 trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family sockets with a
1313 trailing equals sign (=). Follows symlinks named as operands.
1314 --file-type
1317 Marks entries as with -F with the exception of executable files.
1319 Executable files are not marked. Follows symlinks named as oper‐
1320 ands.
1321 Specifying more than one of the options in the following groups of
1325 mutually exclusive options is not considered an error: -C and -l (ell),
1326 -m and -l (ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell), -C and -1 (one), -H
1327 and -L, -c and -u, -e and -E, -t and -S and -U. The last option speci‐
1328 fying a specific timestamp (-c, -u, -% atime , -% crtime, -% ctime, and
1329 -% mtime) determines the timestamps used for sorting or in long format
1330 listings. The last -t, -S, or -U option determines the sorting behav‐
1331 ior.
1332 /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
1334 -F
1335 Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a trailing
1337 greater-than sign (>), executable files with a trailing asterisk
1338 (*), FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic links with a
1339 trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family sockets with a
1340 trailing equals sign (=). Does not follow symlinks named as oper‐
1341 ands unless the -H or -L option is specified.
1342 --file-type
1345 Marks entries as with -F with the exception of executable files.
1347 Executable files are not marked. Does not follow symlinks named as
1348 operands unless the -H or -L option is specified.
1349 Specifying more than one of the options in the following mutually
1353 exclusive pairs is not considered an error: -C and -l (ell), m and
1354 -l(ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell), -C and -1 (one), -H and --L,
1355 -c and -u, -e and -E, -t and -S and -U. The last option specifying a
1356 specific timestamp (-c, -u, -% atime , -% crtime, -% ctime, and -%
1357 mtime) determines the timestamps used for sorting or in long format
1358 listings. The last -t, -S, or -U option determines the sorting behav‐
1359 ior.
1360
1362 The following operand is supported:
1363 file
1365 A path name of a file to be written. If the file specified is not
1367 found, a diagnostic message is output on standard error.
1368
1371 See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of ls when encoun‐
1372 tering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).
1373
1375 Example 1 Viewing File Permissions
1376 The following example shows how to display detailed information about a
1379 file.
1380 % ls -l file.1
1383 -rw-r--r-- 1 gozer staff 206663 Mar 14 10:15 file.1
1384 The permissions string above (-rw-r--r--) describes that the file owner
1389 has read and write permissions, the owning group has read permissions,
1390 and others have read permissions.
1391 The following example shows how to display detailed information about a
1395 directory.
1396 % ls -ld test.dir
1399 drwxr-xr-x 2 gozer staff 2 Mar 14 10:17 test.dir
1400 The permissions string above (drwxr-xr-x) describes that the directory
1405 owner has read, write, and search permissions, the owning group has
1406 read and search permissions, and others have read and search permis‐
1407 sions.
1408 Another example of listing file permissions is as follows:
1412 % ls -l file.2
1415 -rw-rwl--- 1 gozer staff 206663 Mar 14 10:47 file.2
1416 The permissions string above (-rw-rwl---) describes that the file owner
1421 has read and write permissions, the owning group has read and write
1422 permissions, and the file can be locked during access.
1423 Example 2 Displaying ACL Information on Files and Directories
1426 The following example shows how to display verbose ACL information on a
1429 ZFS file.
1430 % ls -v file.1
1433 -rw-r--r-- 1 marks staff 206663 Mar 14 10:15 file.1
1434 0:owner@:execute:deny
1435 1:owner@:read_data/write_data/append_data/write_xattr/write_attributes
1436 /write_acl/write_owner:allow
1437 2:group@:write_data/append_data/execute:deny
1438 3:group@:read_data:allow
1439 4:everyone@:write_data/append_data/write_xattr/execute/write_attributes
1440 /write_acl/write_owner:deny
1441 5:everyone@:read_data/read_xattr/read_attributes/read_acl/synchronize
1442 :allow
1443 The following example shows how to display compact ACL information on a
1448 ZFS directory.
1449 % ls -dV test.dir
1452 drwxr-xr-x 2 marks staff 2 Mar 14 10:17 test.dir
1453 owner@:--------------:------:deny
1454 owner@:rwxp---A-W-Co-:------:allow
1455 group@:-w-p----------:------:deny
1456 group@:r-x-----------:------:allow
1457 everyone@:-w-p---A-W-Co-:------:deny
1458 everyone@:r-x---a-R-c--s:------:allow
1459 The following example illustrates the ls -v behavior when listing ACL
1464 information on a UFS file.
1465 $ ls -v file.3
1468 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2703 Mar 14 10:59 file.3
1469 0:user::rw-
1470 1:group::r-- #effective:r--
1471 2:mask:r--
1472 3:other:r--
1473 Example 3 Printing the Names of All Files
1477 The following example prints the names of all files in the current
1480 directory, including those that begin with a dot (.), which normally do
1481 not print:
1482 example% ls -a
1485 Example 4 Providing File Information
1489 The following example provides file information:
1492 example% ls -aisn
1495 This command provides information on all files, including those that
1500 begin with a dot (a), the i-number, the memory address of the i-node
1501 associated with the file—printed in the left-hand column (i); the size
1502 (in blocks) of the files, printed in the column to the right of the i-
1503 numbers (s); finally, the report is displayed in the numeric version of
1504 the long list, printing the UID (instead of user name) and GID (instead
1505 of group name) numbers associated with the files.
1506 When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count of
1510 blocks, including indirect blocks, is printed.
1511 Example 5 Providing Extended System Attributes Information
1514 example% ls -/ c file (extended system attribute in compact mode)
1516 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
1517 {AHRSadim-u}
1518 In this example, av_quarantined is not set.
1523 example% ls -/ v file (extended system attribute in verbose mode)
1525 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
1526 {archive,hidden,readonly,system,appendonly\
1527 nodump,immutable,av_modified,\
1528 noav_quarantined,nounlink}
1529 example% ls -/ v file (no extended system attribute)
1531 -rw-r--r-- 1 root staff 0 May 16 14:48 file
1532 {}
1533 example% ls -/ c file (extended system attribute
1535 supported file system)
1536 -rw-r--r-- 1 root staff 3 Jun 4 22:04 file
1538 {A------m--}
1539 archive and av_modified attributes are set by default on an extended
1544 system attribute supported file.
1545 example% ls -/ c -%crtime file
1547 -rw-r--r-- root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
1549 {AHRSadim-u}
1550 This example displays the timestamp as the creation time:
1555 example% ls -l -%all file
1557 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
1558 timestamp: atime Jun 14 08:47:37 2007
1559 timestamp: ctime May 10 14:20:23 2007
1560 timestamp: mtime May 10 14:17:56 2007
1561 timestamp: crtime May 10 14:17:56 2007
1562 example% ls -%crtime -tl file*
1564 -rw-r--r-- 1 foo staff 3 Jun 4 22:04 file1
1566 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
1567 -rw-r--r-- 1 foo staff 0 May 9 13:49 file.1
1568 In this example the files are sorted by creation time.
1573
1575 See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables
1576 that affect the execution of ls: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE,
1577 LC_TIME, LC_MESSAGES, NLSPATH, and TZ.
1578 COLUMNS
1580 Determines the user's preferred column position width for writing
1582 multiple text-column output. If this variable contains a string
1583 representing a decimal integer, the ls utility calculates how many
1584 path name text columns to write (see -C) based on the width pro‐
1585 vided. If COLUMNS is not set or is invalid, 80 is used. The column
1586 width chosen to write the names of files in any given directory is
1587 constant. File names are not be truncated to fit into the multiple
1588 text-column output.
1589 LS_COLORS
1592 Determines the coloring scheme used when displaying color output.
1594 If not set and color output is specified, a default scheme is used.
1595 If TERM is not set, no color output is used.
1596 TERM
1599 Determine the terminal type. If this variable is unset or NULL, no
1601 color output is generated regardless of the value of the --color
1602 option.
1603
1606 0 All information was written successfully.
1607 >0 An error occurred.
1610
1613 /etc/group
1614 group IDs for ls -l and ls -g
1616 /etc/passwd
1619 user IDs for ls -l and ls -o
1621 /usr/share/lib/terminfo/?/*
1624 terminal information database
1626
1629 See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
1630 /usr/bin/ls
1632 ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
1633 │ ATTRIBUTE TYPE │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
1634 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1635 │Availability │SUNWcsu │
1636 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1637 │CSI │Enabled │
1638 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1639 │Interface Stability │Committed │
1640 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1641 │Standard │See below. │
1642 └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
1643 For all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, U -v, -V, -@, -/, -%,
1646 --all, --almost-all, --block-size, --classify, --color, --colour,
1647 --dereference, --dereference-command-line, --escape, --file-type,
1648 --full-time, --human-readable, --ignore-backups, --inode, --no-group,
1649 --numeric-uid-gid, --reverse, --recursive, --si, --size, and --time-
1650 style, see standards(5).
1651 /usr/xpg4/bin/ls
1653 ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
1654 │ ATTRIBUTE TYPE │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
1655 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1656 │Availability │SUNWxcu4 │
1657 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1658 │CSI │Enabled │
1659 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1660 │Interface Stability │Committed │
1661 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1662 │Standard │See below. │
1663 └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
1664 For all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, U -v, -V, -@, -/, -%,
1667 --all, --almost-all, --block-size, --classify, --color, --colour,
1668 --dereference, --dereference-command-line, --escape, --file-type,
1669 --full-time, --human-readable, --ignore-backups, --inode, --no-group,
1670 --numeric-uid-gid, --reverse, --recursive, --si, --size, and --time-
1671 style, see standards(5).
1672 /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
1674 ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
1675 │ ATTRIBUTE TYPE │ ATTRIBUTE VALUE │
1676 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1677 │Availability │SUNWxcu6 │
1678 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1679 │CSI │Enabled │
1680 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1681 │Interface Stability │Committed │
1682 ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
1683 │Standard │See below. │
1684 └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘
1685 For all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, U -v, -V, -@, -/, -%,
1688 --all, --almost-all, --block-size, --classify, --color, --colour,
1689 --dereference, --dereference-command-line, --escape, --file-type,
1690 --full-time, --human-readable, --ignore-backups, --inode, --no-group,
1691 --numeric-uid-gid, --reverse, --recursive, --si, --size, and --time-
1692 style, see standards(5).
1693
1695 chmod(1), cp(1), setfacl(1), fgetattr(3C), strftime(3C), terminfo(4),
1696 acl(5), attributes(5), environ(5), fsattr(5), largefile(5), stan‐
1697 dards(5)
1698
1700 Unprintable characters in file names can confuse the columnar output
1701 options.
1702 The total block count is incorrect if there are hard links among the
1705 files.
1706 The sort order of ls output is affected by the locale and can be over‐
1709 ridden by the LC_COLLATE environment variable. For example, if LC_COL‐
1710 LATE equals C, dot files appear first, followed by names beginning with
1711 upper-case letters, then followed by names beginning with lower-case
1712 letters. But if LC_COLLATE equals en_US.ISO8859-1, then leading dots as
1713 well as case are ignored in determining the sort order.
1714SunOS 5.11 3 Jun 2009 ls(1)