1LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)
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NAME

6       ls - list directory contents
7

SYNOPSIS

9       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
10

DESCRIPTION

12       List  information  about  the FILEs (the current directory by default).
13       Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort  is  speci‐
14       fied.
15
16       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
17       too.
18
19       -a, --all
20              do not ignore entries starting with .
21
22       -A, --almost-all
23              do not list implied . and ..
24
25       --author
26              with -l, print the author of each file
27
28       -b, --escape
29              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
30
31       --block-size=SIZE
32              with  -l,  scale  sizes  by  SIZE  when  printing  them;   e.g.,
33              '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
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35       -B, --ignore-backups
36              do not list implied entries ending with ~
37
38       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
39              file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by  name;
40              otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
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42       -C     list entries by columns
43
44       --color[=WHEN]
45              colorize  the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted),
46              'auto', or 'never'; more info below
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48       -d, --directory
49              list directories themselves, not their contents
50
51       -D, --dired
52              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
53
54       -f     list all entries in directory order
55
56       -F, --classify[=WHEN]
57              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries; WHEN  can  be  'al‐
58              ways' (default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
59
60       --file-type
61              likewise, except do not append '*'
62
63       --format=WORD
64              across  -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1,
65              verbose -l, vertical -C
66
67       --full-time
68              like -l --time-style=full-iso
69
70       -g     like -l, but do not list owner
71
72       --group-directories-first
73              group directories before files;
74
75              can  be  augmented  with  a  --sort  option,  but  any  use   of
76              --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
77
78       -G, --no-group
79              in a long listing, don't print group names
80
81       -h, --human-readable
82              with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
83
84       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
85
86       -H, --dereference-command-line
87              follow symbolic links listed on the command line
88
89       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
90              follow each command line symbolic link
91
92              that points to a directory
93
94       --hide=PATTERN
95              do  not  list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden
96              by -a or -A)
97
98       --hyperlink[=WHEN]
99              hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted),
100              'auto', or 'never'
101
102       --indicator-style=WORD
103              append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
104              slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
105
106       -i, --inode
107              print the index number of each file
108
109       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
110              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
111
112       -k, --kibibytes
113              default to 1024-byte blocks for file  system  usage;  used  only
114              with -s and per directory totals
115
116       -l     use a long listing format
117
118       -L, --dereference
119              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa‐
120              tion for the file the link references rather than for  the  link
121              itself
122
123       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries
124
125       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
126              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
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128       -N, --literal
129              print entry names without quoting
130
131       -o     like -l, but do not list group information
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133       -p, --indicator-style=slash
134              append / indicator to directories
135
136       -q, --hide-control-chars
137              print ? instead of nongraphic characters
138
139       --show-control-chars
140              show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is
141              'ls' and output is a terminal)
142
143       -Q, --quote-name
144              enclose entry names in double quotes
145
146       --quoting-style=WORD
147              use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale,  shell,
148              shell-always,   shell-escape,   shell-escape-always,  c,  escape
149              (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
150
151       -r, --reverse
152              reverse order while sorting
153
154       -R, --recursive
155              list subdirectories recursively
156
157       -s, --size
158              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
159
160       -S     sort by file size, largest first
161
162       --sort=WORD
163              sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),  time  (-t),
164              version (-v), extension (-X), width
165
166       --time=WORD
167              change  the  default  of  using  modification times; access time
168              (-u): atime, access, use; change time (-c): ctime, status; birth
169              time: birth, creation;
170
171              with  -l,  WORD determines which time to show; with --sort=time,
172              sort by WORD (newest first)
173
174       --time-style=TIME_STYLE
175              time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below
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177       -t     sort by time, newest first; see --time
178
179       -T, --tabsize=COLS
180              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
181
182       -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time; with -l:  show  access
183              time  and  sort  by name; otherwise: sort by access time, newest
184              first
185
186       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order
187
188       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text
189
190       -w, --width=COLS
191              set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit
192
193       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns
194
195       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension
196
197       -Z, --context
198              print any security context of each file
199
200       --zero end each output line with NUL, not newline
201
202       -1     list one file per line
203
204       --help display this help and exit
205
206       --version
207              output version information and exit
208
209       The SIZE argument is an integer and  optional  unit  (example:  10K  is
210       10*1024).   Units  are  K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y  (powers  of 1024) or KB,MB,...
211       (powers of 1000).  Binary prefixes can be used, too: KiB=K, MiB=M,  and
212       so on.
213
214       The  TIME_STYLE  argument  can  be  full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or
215       +FORMAT.  FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1).   If  FORMAT  is  FOR‐
216       MAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FOR‐
217       MAT2 to recent files.  TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-'  takes  effect
218       only  outside  the POSIX locale.  Also the TIME_STYLE environment vari‐
219       able sets the default style to use.
220
221       Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by  default  and
222       with  --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
223       standard output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS  environment
224       variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.
225
226   Exit status:
227       0      if OK,
228
229       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
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231       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
232

AUTHOR

234       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
235

REPORTING BUGS

237       GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
238       Report any translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>
239
241       Copyright  ©  2021  Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+: GNU
242       GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
243       This is free software: you are free  to  change  and  redistribute  it.
244       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
245

SEE ALSO

247       Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
248       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'
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252GNU coreutils 9.0                 March 2022                             LS(1)
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