1WWW::Mechanize(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation WWW::Mechanize(3)
2
6 WWW::Mechanize - Handy web browsing in a Perl object
7
9 version 1.95
10
12 WWW::Mechanize supports performing a sequence of page fetches including
13 following links and submitting forms. Each fetched page is parsed and
14 its links and forms are extracted. A link or a form can be selected,
15 form fields can be filled and the next page can be fetched. Mech also
16 stores a history of the URLs you've visited, which can be queried and
17 revisited.
18 use WWW::Mechanize ();
20 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new();
21 $mech->get( $url );
23 $mech->follow_link( n => 3 );
25 $mech->follow_link( text_regex => qr/download this/i );
26 $mech->follow_link( url => 'http://host.com/index.html' );
27 $mech->submit_form(
29 form_number => 3,
30 fields => {
31 username => 'mungo',
32 password => 'lost-and-alone',
33 }
34 );
35 $mech->submit_form(
37 form_name => 'search',
38 fields => { query => 'pot of gold', },
39 button => 'Search Now'
40 );
41 # Enable strict form processing to catch typos and non-existant form fields.
43 my $strict_mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( strict_forms => 1);
44 $strict_mech->get( $url );
46 # This method call will die, saving you lots of time looking for the bug.
48 $strict_mech->submit_form(
49 form_number => 3,
50 fields => {
51 usernaem => 'mungo', # typo in field name
52 password => 'lost-and-alone',
53 extra_field => 123, # field does not exist
54 }
55 );
56
58 "WWW::Mechanize", or Mech for short, is a Perl module for stateful
59 programmatic web browsing, used for automating interaction with
60 websites.
61 Features include:
63 · All HTTP methods
65 · High-level hyperlink and HTML form support, without having to parse
67 HTML yourself
68 · SSL support
70 · Automatic cookies
72 · Custom HTTP headers
74 · Automatic handling of redirections
76 · Proxies
78 · HTTP authentication
80 Mech is well suited for use in testing web applications. If you use
82 one of the Test::*, like Test::HTML::Lint modules, you can check the
83 fetched content and use that as input to a test call.
84 use Test::More;
86 like( $mech->content(), qr/$expected/, "Got expected content" );
87 Each page fetch stores its URL in a history stack which you can
89 traverse.
90 $mech->back();
92 If you want finer control over your page fetching, you can use these
94 methods. "follow_link" and "submit_form" are just high level wrappers
95 around them.
96 $mech->find_link( n => $number );
98 $mech->form_number( $number );
99 $mech->form_name( $name );
100 $mech->field( $name, $value );
101 $mech->set_fields( %field_values );
102 $mech->set_visible( @criteria );
103 $mech->click( $button );
104 WWW::Mechanize is a proper subclass of LWP::UserAgent and you can also
106 use any of LWP::UserAgent's methods.
107 $mech->add_header($name => $value);
109 Please note that Mech does NOT support JavaScript, you need additional
111 software for that. Please check "JavaScript" in WWW::Mechanize::FAQ for
112 more.
113
115 · <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize/issues>
116 The queue for bugs & enhancements in WWW::Mechanize. Please note
118 that the queue at <http://rt.cpan.org> is no longer maintained.
119 · <https://metacpan.org/pod/WWW::Mechanize>
121 The CPAN documentation page for Mechanize.
123 · <https://metacpan.org/pod/distribution/WWW-Mechanize/lib/WWW/Mechanize/FAQ.pod>
125 Frequently asked questions. Make sure you read here FIRST.
127
129 new()
130 Creates and returns a new WWW::Mechanize object, hereafter referred to
131 as the "agent".
132 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new()
134 The constructor for WWW::Mechanize overrides two of the parms to the
136 LWP::UserAgent constructor:
137 agent => 'WWW-Mechanize/#.##'
139 cookie_jar => {} # an empty, memory-only HTTP::Cookies object
140 You can override these overrides by passing parms to the constructor,
142 as in:
143 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( agent => 'wonderbot 1.01' );
145 If you want none of the overhead of a cookie jar, or don't want your
147 bot accepting cookies, you have to explicitly disallow it, like so:
148 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( cookie_jar => undef );
150 Here are the parms that WWW::Mechanize recognizes. These do not
152 include parms that LWP::UserAgent recognizes.
153 · "autocheck => [0|1]"
155 Checks each request made to see if it was successful. This saves
157 you the trouble of manually checking yourself. Any errors found
158 are errors, not warnings.
159 The default value is ON, unless it's being subclassed, in which
161 case it is OFF. This means that standalone WWW::Mechanize
162 instances have autocheck turned on, which is protective for the
163 vast majority of Mech users who don't bother checking the return
164 value of get() and post() and can't figure why their code fails.
165 However, if WWW::Mechanize is subclassed, such as for
166 Test::WWW::Mechanize or Test::WWW::Mechanize::Catalyst, this may
167 not be an appropriate default, so it's off.
168 · "noproxy => [0|1]"
170 Turn off the automatic call to the LWP::UserAgent "env_proxy"
172 function.
173 This needs to be explicitly turned off if you're using
175 Crypt::SSLeay to access a https site via a proxy server. Note: you
176 still need to set your HTTPS_PROXY environment variable as
177 appropriate.
178 · "onwarn => \&func"
180 Reference to a "warn"-compatible function, such as "Carp::carp",
182 that is called when a warning needs to be shown.
183 If this is set to "undef", no warnings will ever be shown.
185 However, it's probably better to use the "quiet" method to control
186 that behavior.
187 If this value is not passed, Mech uses "Carp::carp" if Carp is
189 installed, or "CORE::warn" if not.
190 · "onerror => \&func"
192 Reference to a "die"-compatible function, such as "Carp::croak",
194 that is called when there's a fatal error.
195 If this is set to "undef", no errors will ever be shown.
197 If this value is not passed, Mech uses "Carp::croak" if Carp is
199 installed, or "CORE::die" if not.
200 · "quiet => [0|1]"
202 Don't complain on warnings. Setting "quiet => 1" is the same as
204 calling "$mech->quiet(1)". Default is off.
205 · "stack_depth => $value"
207 Sets the depth of the page stack that keeps track of all the
209 downloaded pages. Default is effectively infinite stack size. If
210 the stack is eating up your memory, then set this to a smaller
211 number, say 5 or 10. Setting this to zero means Mech will keep no
212 history.
213 In addition, WWW::Mechanize also allows you to globally enable strict
215 and verbose mode for form handling, which is done with HTML::Form.
216 · "strict_forms => [0|1]"
218 Globally sets the HTML::Form strict flag which causes form
220 submission to croak if any of the passed fields don't exist in the
221 form, and/or a value doesn't exist in a select element. This can
222 still be disabled in individual calls to "submit_form()".
223 Default is off.
225 · "verbose_forms => [0|1]"
227 Globally sets the HTML::Form verbose flag which causes form
229 submission to warn about any bad HTML form constructs found. This
230 cannot be disabled later.
231 Default is off.
233 To support forms, WWW::Mechanize's constructor pushes POST on to the
235 agent's "requests_redirectable" list (see also LWP::UserAgent.)
236 $mech->agent_alias( $alias )
238 Sets the user agent string to the expanded version from a table of
239 actual user strings. $alias can be one of the following:
240 · Windows IE 6
242 · Windows Mozilla
244 · Mac Safari
246 · Mac Mozilla
248 · Linux Mozilla
250 · Linux Konqueror
252 then it will be replaced with a more interesting one. For instance,
254 $mech->agent_alias( 'Windows IE 6' );
256 sets your User-Agent to
258 Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
260 The list of valid aliases can be returned from "known_agent_aliases()".
262 The current list is:
263 · Windows IE 6
265 · Windows Mozilla
267 · Mac Safari
269 · Mac Mozilla
271 · Linux Mozilla
273 · Linux Konqueror
275 known_agent_aliases()
277 Returns a list of all the agent aliases that Mech knows about.
278
280 $mech->get( $uri )
281 Given a URL/URI, fetches it. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri
282 can be a well-formed URL string, a URI object, or a
283 WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
284 The results are stored internally in the agent object, but you don't
286 know that. Just use the accessors listed below. Poking at the
287 internals is deprecated and subject to change in the future.
288 "get()" is a well-behaved overloaded version of the method in
290 LWP::UserAgent. This lets you do things like
291 $mech->get( $uri, ':content_file' => $tempfile );
293 and you can rest assured that the parms will get filtered down
295 appropriately.
296 NOTE: Because ":content_file" causes the page contents to be stored in
298 a file instead of the response object, some Mech functions that expect
299 it to be there won't work as expected. Use with caution.
300 $mech->post( $uri, content => $content )
302 POSTs $content to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be
303 a well-formed URI string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link
304 object.
305 $mech->put( $uri, content => $content )
307 PUTs $content to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be
308 a well-formed URI string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link
309 object.
310 $mech->reload()
312 Acts like the reload button in a browser: repeats the current request.
313 The history (as per the back() method) is not altered.
314 Returns the HTTP::Response object from the reload, or "undef" if
316 there's no current request.
317 $mech->back()
319 The equivalent of hitting the "back" button in a browser. Returns to
320 the previous page. Won't go back past the first page. (Really, what
321 would it do if it could?)
322 Returns true if it could go back, or false if not.
324 $mech->clear_history()
326 This deletes all the history entries and returns true.
327 $mech->history_count()
329 This returns the number of items in the browser history. This number
330 does include the most recently made request.
331 $mech->history($n)
333 This returns the nth item in history. The 0th item is the most recent
334 request and response, which would be acted on by methods like
335 "find_link()". The 1th item is the state you'd return to if you called
336 "back()".
337 The maximum useful value for $n is "$mech->history_count - 1".
339 Requests beyond that bound will return "undef".
340 History items are returned as hash references, in the form:
342 { req => $http_request, res => $http_response }
344
346 $mech->success()
347 Returns a boolean telling whether the last request was successful. If
348 there hasn't been an operation yet, returns false.
349 This is a convenience function that wraps "$mech->res->is_success".
351 $mech->uri()
353 Returns the current URI as a URI object. This object stringifies to the
354 URI itself.
355 $mech->response() / $mech->res()
357 Return the current response as an HTTP::Response object.
358 Synonym for "$mech->response()"
360 $mech->status()
362 Returns the HTTP status code of the response. This is a 3-digit number
363 like 200 for OK, 404 for not found, and so on.
364 $mech->ct() / $mech->content_type()
366 Returns the content type of the response.
367 $mech->base()
369 Returns the base URI for the current response
370 $mech->forms()
372 When called in a list context, returns a list of the forms found in the
373 last fetched page. In a scalar context, returns a reference to an array
374 with those forms. The forms returned are all HTML::Form objects.
375 $mech->current_form()
377 Returns the current form as an HTML::Form object.
378 $mech->links()
380 When called in a list context, returns a list of the links found in the
381 last fetched page. In a scalar context it returns a reference to an
382 array with those links. Each link is a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
383 $mech->is_html()
385 Returns true/false on whether our content is HTML, according to the
386 HTTP headers.
387 $mech->title()
389 Returns the contents of the "<TITLE>" tag, as parsed by
390 HTML::HeadParser. Returns undef if the content is not HTML.
391
393 $mech->content(...)
394 Returns the content that the mech uses internally for the last page
395 fetched. Ordinarily this is the same as
396 "$mech->response()->decoded_content()", but this may differ for HTML
397 documents if update_html is overloaded (in which case the value passed
398 to the base-class implementation of same will be returned), and/or
399 extra named arguments are passed to content():
400 $mech->content( format => 'text' )
402 Returns a text-only version of the page, with all HTML markup
403 stripped. This feature requires HTML::TreeBuilder version 5 or higher
404 to be installed, or a fatal error will be thrown. This works only if
405 the contents are HTML.
406 $mech->content( base_href => [$base_href|undef] )
408 Returns the HTML document, modified to contain a "<base
409 href="$base_href">" mark-up in the header. $base_href is
410 "$mech->base()" if not specified. This is handy to pass the HTML to
411 e.g. HTML::Display. This works only if the contents are HTML.
412 $mech->content( raw => 1 )
414 Returns "$self->response()->content()", i.e. the raw contents from
415 the response.
416 $mech->content( decoded_by_headers => 1 )
418 Returns the content after applying all "Content-Encoding" headers but
419 with not additional mangling.
420 $mech->content( charset => $charset )
422 Returns "$self->response()->decoded_content(charset => $charset)"
423 (see HTTP::Response for details).
424 To preserve backwards compatibility, additional parameters will be
426 ignored unless none of "raw | decoded_by_headers | charset" is
427 specified and the text is HTML, in which case an error will be
428 triggered.
429 $mech->text()
431 Returns the text of the current HTML content. If the content isn't
432 HTML, $mech will die.
433 The text is extracted by parsing the content, and then the extracted
435 text is cached, so don't worry about performance of calling this
436 repeatedly.
437
439 $mech->links()
440 Lists all the links on the current page. Each link is a
441 WWW::Mechanize::Link object. In list context, returns a list of all
442 links. In scalar context, returns an array reference of all links.
443 $mech->follow_link(...)
445 Follows a specified link on the page. You specify the match to be
446 found using the same parms that "find_link()" uses.
447 Here some examples:
449 · 3rd link called "download"
451 $mech->follow_link( text => 'download', n => 3 );
453 · first link where the URL has "download" in it, regardless of case:
455 $mech->follow_link( url_regex => qr/download/i );
457 or
459 $mech->follow_link( url_regex => qr/(?i:download)/ );
461 · 3rd link on the page
463 $mech->follow_link( n => 3 );
465 · the link with the url
467 $mech->follow_link( url => '/other/page' );
469 or
471 $mech->follow_link( url => 'http://example.com/page' );
473 Returns the result of the "GET" method (an HTTP::Response object) if a
475 link was found.
476 If the page has no links, or the specified link couldn't be found,
478 returns "undef". If "autocheck" is enabled an exception will be thrown
479 instead.
480 $mech->find_link( ... )
482 Finds a link in the currently fetched page. It returns a
483 WWW::Mechanize::Link object which describes the link. (You'll probably
484 be most interested in the "url()" property.) If it fails to find a
485 link it returns undef.
486 You can take the URL part and pass it to the "get()" method. If that's
488 your plan, you might as well use the "follow_link()" method directly,
489 since it does the "get()" for you automatically.
490 Note that "<FRAME SRC="...">" tags are parsed out of the the HTML and
492 treated as links so this method works with them.
493 You can select which link to find by passing in one or more of these
495 key/value pairs:
496 · "text => 'string'," and "text_regex => qr/regex/,"
498 "text" matches the text of the link against string, which must be
500 an exact match. To select a link with text that is exactly
501 "download", use
502 $mech->find_link( text => 'download' );
504 "text_regex" matches the text of the link against regex. To select
506 a link with text that has "download" anywhere in it, regardless of
507 case, use
508 $mech->find_link( text_regex => qr/download/i );
510 Note that the text extracted from the page's links are trimmed.
512 For example, "<a> foo </a>" is stored as 'foo', and searching for
513 leading or trailing spaces will fail.
514 · "url => 'string'," and "url_regex => qr/regex/,"
516 Matches the URL of the link against string or regex, as
518 appropriate. The URL may be a relative URL, like foo/bar.html,
519 depending on how it's coded on the page.
520 · "url_abs => string" and "url_abs_regex => regex"
522 Matches the absolute URL of the link against string or regex, as
524 appropriate. The URL will be an absolute URL, even if it's
525 relative in the page.
526 · "name => string" and "name_regex => regex"
528 Matches the name of the link against string or regex, as
530 appropriate.
531 · "id => string" and "id_regex => regex"
533 Matches the attribute 'id' of the link against string or regex, as
535 appropriate.
536 · "class => string" and "class_regex => regex"
538 Matches the attribute 'class' of the link against string or regex,
540 as appropriate.
541 · "tag => string" and "tag_regex => regex"
543 Matches the tag that the link came from against string or regex, as
545 appropriate. The "tag_regex" is probably most useful to check for
546 more than one tag, as in:
547 $mech->find_link( tag_regex => qr/^(a|frame)$/ );
549 The tags and attributes looked at are defined below.
551 If "n" is not specified, it defaults to 1. Therefore, if you don't
553 specify any parms, this method defaults to finding the first link on
554 the page.
555 Note that you can specify multiple text or URL parameters, which will
557 be ANDed together. For example, to find the first link with text of
558 "News" and with "cnn.com" in the URL, use:
559 $mech->find_link( text => 'News', url_regex => qr/cnn\.com/ );
561 The return value is a reference to an array containing a
563 WWW::Mechanize::Link object for every link in "$self->content".
564 The links come from the following:
566 "<a href=...>"
568 "<area href=...>"
569 "<frame src=...>"
570 "<iframe src=...>"
571 "<link href=...>"
572 "<meta content=...>"
573 $mech->find_all_links( ... )
575 Returns all the links on the current page that match the criteria. The
576 method for specifying link criteria is the same as in "find_link()".
577 Each of the links returned is a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
578 In list context, "find_all_links()" returns a list of the links.
580 Otherwise, it returns a reference to the list of links.
581 "find_all_links()" with no parameters returns all links in the page.
583 $mech->find_all_inputs( ... criteria ... )
585 find_all_inputs() returns an array of all the input controls in the
586 current form whose properties match all of the regexes passed in. The
587 controls returned are all descended from HTML::Form::Input. See
588 "INPUTS" in HTML::Form for details.
589 If no criteria are passed, all inputs will be returned.
591 If there is no current page, there is no form on the current page, or
593 there are no submit controls in the current form then the return will
594 be an empty array.
595 You may use a regex or a literal string:
597 # get all textarea controls whose names begin with "customer"
599 my @customer_text_inputs = $mech->find_all_inputs(
600 type => 'textarea',
601 name_regex => qr/^customer/,
602 );
603 # get all text or textarea controls called "customer"
605 my @customer_text_inputs = $mech->find_all_inputs(
606 type_regex => qr/^(text|textarea)$/,
607 name => 'customer',
608 );
609 $mech->find_all_submits( ... criteria ... )
611 "find_all_submits()" does the same thing as "find_all_inputs()" except
612 that it only returns controls that are submit controls, ignoring other
613 types of input controls like text and checkboxes.
614
616 $mech->images
617 Lists all the images on the current page. Each image is a
618 WWW::Mechanize::Image object. In list context, returns a list of all
619 images. In scalar context, returns an array reference of all images.
620 $mech->find_image()
622 Finds an image in the current page. It returns a WWW::Mechanize::Image
623 object which describes the image. If it fails to find an image it
624 returns undef.
625 You can select which image to find by passing in one or more of these
627 key/value pairs:
628 · "alt => 'string'" and "alt_regex => qr/regex/"
630 "alt" matches the ALT attribute of the image against string, which
632 must be an exact match. To select a image with an ALT tag that is
633 exactly "download", use
634 $mech->find_image( alt => 'download' );
636 "alt_regex" matches the ALT attribute of the image against a
638 regular expression. To select an image with an ALT attribute that
639 has "download" anywhere in it, regardless of case, use
640 $mech->find_image( alt_regex => qr/download/i );
642 · "url => 'string'" and "url_regex => qr/regex/"
644 Matches the URL of the image against string or regex, as
646 appropriate. The URL may be a relative URL, like foo/bar.html,
647 depending on how it's coded on the page.
648 · "url_abs => string" and "url_abs_regex => regex"
650 Matches the absolute URL of the image against string or regex, as
652 appropriate. The URL will be an absolute URL, even if it's
653 relative in the page.
654 · "tag => string" and "tag_regex => regex"
656 Matches the tag that the image came from against string or regex,
658 as appropriate. The "tag_regex" is probably most useful to check
659 for more than one tag, as in:
660 $mech->find_image( tag_regex => qr/^(img|input)$/ );
662 The tags supported are "<img>" and "<input>".
664 · "id => string" and "id_regex => regex"
666 "id" matches the id attribute of the image against string, which
668 must be an exact match. To select an image with the exact id
669 "download-image", use
670 $mech->find_image( id => 'download-image' );
672 "id_regex" matches the id attribute of the image against a regular
674 expression. To select the first image with an id that contains
675 "download" anywhere in it, use
676 $mech->find_image( id_regex => qr/download/ );
678 · "classs => string" and "class_regex => regex"
680 "class" matches the class attribute of the image against string,
682 which must be an exact match. To select an image with the exact
683 class "img-fuid", use
684 $mech->find_image( class => 'img-fluid' );
686 To select an image with the class attribute "rounded float-left",
688 use
689 $mech->find_image( class => 'rounded float-left' );
691 Note that the classes have to be matched as a complete string, in
693 the exact order they appear in the website's source code.
694 "class_regex" matches the class attribute of the image against a
696 regular expression. Use this if you want a partial class name, or
697 if an image has several classes, but you only care about one.
698 To select the first image with the class "rounded", where there are
700 multiple images that might also have either class "float-left" or
701 "float-right", use
702 $mech->find_image( class_regex => qr/\brounded\b/ );
704 Selecting an image with multiple classes where you do not care
706 about the order they appear in the website's source code is not
707 currently supported.
708 If "n" is not specified, it defaults to 1. Therefore, if you don't
710 specify any parms, this method defaults to finding the first image on
711 the page.
712 Note that you can specify multiple ALT or URL parameters, which will be
714 ANDed together. For example, to find the first image with ALT text of
715 "News" and with "cnn.com" in the URL, use:
716 $mech->find_image( image => 'News', url_regex => qr/cnn\.com/ );
718 The return value is a reference to an array containing a
720 WWW::Mechanize::Image object for every image in "$self->content".
721 $mech->find_all_images( ... )
723 Returns all the images on the current page that match the criteria.
724 The method for specifying image criteria is the same as in
725 "find_image()". Each of the images returned is a WWW::Mechanize::Image
726 object.
727 In list context, "find_all_images()" returns a list of the images.
729 Otherwise, it returns a reference to the list of images.
730 "find_all_images()" with no parameters returns all images in the page.
732
734 These methods let you work with the forms on a page. The idea is to
735 choose a form that you'll later work with using the field methods
736 below.
737 $mech->forms
739 Lists all the forms on the current page. Each form is an HTML::Form
740 object. In list context, returns a list of all forms. In scalar
741 context, returns an array reference of all forms.
742 $mech->form_number($number)
744 Selects the numberth form on the page as the target for subsequent
745 calls to "field()" and "click()". Also returns the form that was
746 selected.
747 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
749 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
750 "click()". When called in a list context, the number of the found form
751 is also returned as a second value.
752 Emits a warning and returns undef if no form is found.
754 The first form is number 1, not zero.
756 $mech->form_name( $name )
758 Selects a form by name. If there is more than one form on the page
759 with that name, then the first one is used, and a warning is generated.
760 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
762 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
763 "click()".
764 Returns undef if no form is found.
766 $mech->form_id( $name )
768 Selects a form by ID. If there is more than one form on the page with
769 that ID, then the first one is used, and a warning is generated.
770 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
772 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
773 "click()".
774 If no form is found it returns "undef". This will also trigger a
776 warning, unless "quiet" is enabled.
777 $mech->all_forms_with_fields( @fields )
779 Selects a form by passing in a list of field names it must contain.
780 All matching forms (perhaps none) are returned as a list of HTML::Form
781 objects.
782 $mech->form_with_fields( @fields )
784 Selects a form by passing in a list of field names it must contain. If
785 there is more than one form on the page with that matches, then the
786 first one is used, and a warning is generated.
787 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
789 internally for later used with Mech's form methods such as "field()"
790 and "click()".
791 Returns undef and emits a warning if no form is found.
793 Note that this functionality requires libwww-perl 5.69 or higher.
795 $mech->all_forms_with( $attr1 => $value1, $attr2 => $value2, ... )
797 Searches for forms with arbitrary attribute/value pairs within the
798 <form> tag. (Currently does not work for attribute "action" due to
799 implementation details of HTML::Form.) When given more than one pair,
800 all criteria must match. Using "undef" as value means that the
801 attribute in question may not be present.
802 All matching forms (perhaps none) are returned as a list of HTML::Form
804 objects.
805 $mech->form_with( $attr1 => $value1, $attr2 => $value2, ... )
807 Searches for forms with arbitrary attribute/value pairs within the
808 <form> tag. (Currently does not work for attribute "action" due to
809 implementation details of HTML::Form.) When given more than one pair,
810 all criteria must match. Using "undef" as value means that the
811 attribute in question may not be present.
812 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
814 internally for later used with Mech's form methods such as "field()"
815 and "click()".
816 Returns undef if no form is found.
818
820 These methods allow you to set the values of fields in a given form.
821 $mech->field( $name, $value, $number )
823 $mech->field( $name, \@values, $number )
824 Given the name of a field, set its value to the value specified. This
825 applies to the current form (as set by the "form_name()" or
826 "form_number()" method or defaulting to the first form on the page).
827 The optional $number parameter is used to distinguish between two
829 fields with the same name. The fields are numbered from 1.
830 $mech->select($name, $value)
832 $mech->select($name, \@values)
833 Given the name of a "select" field, set its value to the value
834 specified. If the field is not "<select multiple>" and the $value is
835 an array, only the first value will be set. [Note: the documentation
836 previously claimed that only the last value would be set, but this was
837 incorrect.] Passing $value as a hash with an "n" key selects an item
838 by number (e.g. "{n => 3}" or "{n => [2,4]}"). The numbering starts
839 at 1. This applies to the current form.
840 If you have a field with "<select multiple>" and you pass a single
842 $value, then $value will be added to the list of fields selected,
843 without clearing the others. However, if you pass an array reference,
844 then all previously selected values will be cleared.
845 Returns true on successfully setting the value. On failure, returns
847 false and calls "$self->warn()" with an error message.
848 $mech->set_fields( $name => $value ... )
850 This method sets multiple fields of the current form. It takes a list
851 of field name and value pairs. If there is more than one field with the
852 same name, the first one found is set. If you want to select which of
853 the duplicate field to set, use a value which is an anonymous array
854 which has the field value and its number as the 2 elements.
855 # set the second foo field
857 $mech->set_fields( $name => [ 'foo', 2 ] );
858 The fields are numbered from 1.
860 This applies to the current form.
862 $mech->set_visible( @criteria )
864 This method sets fields of the current form without having to know
865 their names. So if you have a login screen that wants a username and
866 password, you do not have to fetch the form and inspect the source (or
867 use the mech-dump utility, installed with WWW::Mechanize) to see what
868 the field names are; you can just say
869 $mech->set_visible( $username, $password );
871 and the first and second fields will be set accordingly. The method is
873 called set_visible because it acts only on visible fields; hidden form
874 inputs are not considered. The order of the fields is the order in
875 which they appear in the HTML source which is nearly always the order
876 anyone viewing the page would think they are in, but some creative work
877 with tables could change that; caveat user.
878 Each element in @criteria is either a field value or a field specifier.
880 A field value is a scalar. A field specifier allows you to specify the
881 type of input field you want to set and is denoted with an arrayref
882 containing two elements. So you could specify the first radio button
883 with
884 $mech->set_visible( [ radio => 'KCRW' ] );
886 Field values and specifiers can be intermixed, hence
888 $mech->set_visible( 'fred', 'secret', [ option => 'Checking' ] );
890 would set the first two fields to "fred" and "secret", and the next
892 "OPTION" menu field to "Checking".
893 The possible field specifier types are: "text", "password", "hidden",
895 "textarea", "file", "image", "submit", "radio", "checkbox" and
896 "option".
897 "set_visible" returns the number of values set.
899 $mech->tick( $name, $value [, $set] )
901 "Ticks" the first checkbox that has both the name and value associated
902 with it on the current form. Dies if there is no named check box for
903 that value. Passing in a false value as the third optional argument
904 will cause the checkbox to be unticked.
905 $mech->untick($name, $value)
907 Causes the checkbox to be unticked. Shorthand for
908 "tick($name,$value,undef)"
909 $mech->value( $name [, $number] )
911 Given the name of a field, return its value. This applies to the
912 current form.
913 The optional $number parameter is used to distinguish between two
915 fields with the same name. The fields are numbered from 1.
916 If the field is of type file (file upload field), the value is always
918 cleared to prevent remote sites from downloading your local files. To
919 upload a file, specify its file name explicitly.
920 $mech->click( $button [, $x, $y] )
922 Has the effect of clicking a button on the current form. The first
923 argument is the name of the button to be clicked. The second and third
924 arguments (optional) allow you to specify the (x,y) coordinates of the
925 click.
926 If there is only one button on the form, "$mech->click()" with no
928 arguments simply clicks that one button.
929 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
931 $mech->click_button( ... )
933 Has the effect of clicking a button on the current form by specifying
934 its name, value, or index. Its arguments are a list of key/value
935 pairs. Only one of name, number, input or value must be specified in
936 the keys.
937 · "name => name"
939 Clicks the button named name in the current form.
941 · "id => id"
943 Clicks the button with the id id in the current form.
945 · "number => n"
947 Clicks the nth button in the current form. Numbering starts at 1.
949 · "value => value"
951 Clicks the button with the value value in the current form.
953 · "input => $inputobject"
955 Clicks on the button referenced by $inputobject, an instance of
957 HTML::Form::SubmitInput obtained e.g. from
958 $mech->current_form()->find_input( undef, 'submit' )
960 $inputobject must belong to the current form.
962 · "x => x"
964 · "y => y"
966 These arguments (optional) allow you to specify the (x,y)
968 coordinates of the click.
969 $mech->submit()
971 Submits the current form, without specifying a button to click.
972 Actually, no button is clicked at all.
973 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
975 This used to be a synonym for "$mech->click( 'submit' )", but is no
977 longer so.
978 $mech->submit_form( ... )
980 This method lets you select a form from the previously fetched page,
981 fill in its fields, and submit it. It combines the
982 "form_number"/"form_name", "set_fields" and "click" methods into one
983 higher level call. Its arguments are a list of key/value pairs, all of
984 which are optional.
985 · "fields => \%fields"
987 Specifies the fields to be filled in the current form.
989 · "with_fields => \%fields"
991 Probably all you need for the common case. It combines a smart form
993 selector and data setting in one operation. It selects the first
994 form that contains all fields mentioned in "\%fields". This is
995 nice because you don't need to know the name or number of the form
996 to do this.
997 (calls "form_with_fields()" and
999 "set_fields()").
1000 If you choose "with_fields", the "fields" option will be ignored.
1002 The "form_number", "form_name" and "form_id" options will still be
1003 used. An exception will be thrown unless exactly one form matches
1004 all of the provided criteria.
1005 · "form_number => n"
1007 Selects the nth form (calls "form_number()". If this parm is not
1009 specified, the currently-selected form is used.
1010 · "form_name => name"
1012 Selects the form named name (calls "form_name()")
1014 · "form_id => ID"
1016 Selects the form with ID ID (calls "form_id()")
1018 · "button => button"
1020 Clicks on button button (calls "click()")
1022 · "x => x, y => y"
1024 Sets the x or y values for "click()"
1026 · "strict_forms => bool"
1028 Sets the HTML::Form strict flag which causes form submission to
1030 croak if any of the passed fields don't exist on the page, and/or a
1031 value doesn't exist in a select element. By default HTML::Form
1032 sets this value to false.
1033 This behavior can also be turned on globally by passing
1035 "strict_forms => 1" to "WWW::Mechanize->new". If you do that, you
1036 can still disable it for individual calls by passing "strict_forms
1037 => 0" here.
1038 If no form is selected, the first form found is used.
1040 If button is not passed, then the "submit()" method is used instead.
1042 If you want to submit a file and get its content from a scalar rather
1044 than a file in the filesystem, you can use:
1045 $mech->submit_form(with_fields => { logfile => [ [ undef, 'whatever', Content => $content ], 1 ] } );
1047 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
1049
1051 $mech->add_header( name => $value [, name => $value... ] )
1052 Sets HTTP headers for the agent to add or remove from the HTTP request.
1053 $mech->add_header( Encoding => 'text/klingon' );
1055 If a value is "undef", then that header will be removed from any future
1057 requests. For example, to never send a Referer header:
1058 $mech->add_header( Referer => undef );
1060 If you want to delete a header, use "delete_header".
1062 Returns the number of name/value pairs added.
1064 NOTE: This method was very different in WWW::Mechanize before 1.00.
1066 Back then, the headers were stored in a package hash, not as a member
1067 of the object instance. Calling "add_header()" would modify the
1068 headers for every WWW::Mechanize object, even after your object no
1069 longer existed.
1070 $mech->delete_header( name [, name ... ] )
1072 Removes HTTP headers from the agent's list of special headers. For
1073 instance, you might need to do something like:
1074 # Don't send a Referer for this URL
1076 $mech->add_header( Referer => undef );
1077 # Get the URL
1079 $mech->get( $url );
1080 # Back to the default behavior
1082 $mech->delete_header( 'Referer' );
1083 $mech->quiet(true/false)
1085 Allows you to suppress warnings to the screen.
1086 $mech->quiet(0); # turns on warnings (the default)
1088 $mech->quiet(1); # turns off warnings
1089 $mech->quiet(); # returns the current quietness status
1090 $mech->stack_depth( $max_depth )
1092 Get or set the page stack depth. Use this if you're doing a lot of page
1093 scraping and running out of memory.
1094 A value of 0 means "no history at all." By default, the max stack
1096 depth is humongously large, effectively keeping all history.
1097 $mech->save_content( $filename, %opts )
1099 Dumps the contents of "$mech->content" into $filename. $filename will
1100 be overwritten. Dies if there are any errors.
1101 If the content type does not begin with "text/", then the content is
1103 saved in binary mode (i.e. "binmode()" is set on the output
1104 filehandle).
1105 Additional arguments can be passed as key/value pairs:
1107 $mech->save_content( $filename, binary => 1 )
1109 Filehandle is set with "binmode" to ":raw" and contents are taken
1110 calling "$self->content(decoded_by_headers => 1)". Same as calling:
1111 $mech->save_content( $filename, binmode => ':raw',
1113 decoded_by_headers => 1 );
1114 This should be the safest way to save contents verbatim.
1116 $mech->save_content( $filename, binmode => $binmode )
1118 Filehandle is set to binary mode. If $binmode begins with ':', it
1119 is passed as a parameter to "binmode":
1120 binmode $fh, $binmode;
1122 otherwise the filehandle is set to binary mode if $binmode is true:
1124 binmode $fh;
1126 all other arguments
1128 are passed as-is to "$mech->content(%opts)". In particular,
1129 "decoded_by_headers" might come handy if you want to revert the
1130 effect of line compression performed by the web server but without
1131 further interpreting the contents (e.g. decoding it according to
1132 the charset).
1133 $mech->dump_headers( [$fh] )
1135 Prints a dump of the HTTP response headers for the most recent
1136 response. If $fh is not specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1137 Unlike the rest of the dump_* methods, $fh can be a scalar. It will be
1139 used as a file name.
1140 $mech->dump_links( [[$fh], $absolute] )
1142 Prints a dump of the links on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1143 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1144 If $absolute is true, links displayed are absolute, not relative.
1146 $mech->dump_images( [[$fh], $absolute] )
1148 Prints a dump of the images on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1149 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1150 If $absolute is true, links displayed are absolute, not relative.
1152 The output will include empty lines for images that have no "src"
1154 attribute and therefore no "<-"url>>.
1155 $mech->dump_forms( [$fh] )
1157 Prints a dump of the forms on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1158 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT. Running the following:
1159 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new();
1161 $mech->get("https://www.google.com/");
1162 $mech->dump_forms;
1163 will print:
1165 GET https://www.google.com/search [f]
1167 ie=ISO-8859-1 (hidden readonly)
1168 hl=en (hidden readonly)
1169 source=hp (hidden readonly)
1170 biw= (hidden readonly)
1171 bih= (hidden readonly)
1172 q= (text)
1173 btnG=Google Search (submit)
1174 btnI=I'm Feeling Lucky (submit)
1175 gbv=1 (hidden readonly)
1176 $mech->dump_text( [$fh] )
1178 Prints a dump of the text on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1179 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1180
1182 $mech->clone()
1183 Clone the mech object. The clone will be using the same cookie jar as
1184 the original mech.
1185 $mech->redirect_ok()
1187 An overloaded version of "redirect_ok()" in LWP::UserAgent. This
1188 method is used to determine whether a redirection in the request should
1189 be followed.
1190 Note that WWW::Mechanize's constructor pushes POST on to the agent's
1192 "requests_redirectable" list.
1193 $mech->request( $request [, $arg [, $size]])
1195 Overloaded version of "request()" in LWP::UserAgent. Performs the
1196 actual request. Normally, if you're using WWW::Mechanize, it's because
1197 you don't want to deal with this level of stuff anyway.
1198 Note that $request will be modified.
1200 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
1202 $mech->update_html( $html )
1204 Allows you to replace the HTML that the mech has found. Updates the
1205 forms and links parse-trees that the mech uses internally.
1206 Say you have a page that you know has malformed output, and you want to
1208 update it so the links come out correctly:
1209 my $html = $mech->content;
1211 $html =~ s[</option>.{0,3}</td>][</option></select></td>]isg;
1212 $mech->update_html( $html );
1213 This method is also used internally by the mech itself to update its
1215 own HTML content when loading a page. This means that if you would like
1216 to systematically perform the above HTML substitution, you would
1217 overload update_html in a subclass thusly:
1218 package MyMech;
1220 use base 'WWW::Mechanize';
1221 sub update_html {
1223 my ($self, $html) = @_;
1224 $html =~ s[</option>.{0,3}</td>][</option></select></td>]isg;
1225 $self->WWW::Mechanize::update_html( $html );
1226 }
1227 If you do this, then the mech will use the tidied-up HTML instead of
1229 the original both when parsing for its own needs, and for returning to
1230 you through "content()".
1231 Overloading this method is also the recommended way of implementing
1233 extra validation steps (e.g. link checkers) for every HTML page
1234 received. "warn" and "die" would then come in handy to signal
1235 validation errors.
1236 $mech->credentials( $username, $password )
1238 Provide credentials to be used for HTTP Basic authentication for all
1239 sites and realms until further notice.
1240 The four argument form described in LWP::UserAgent is still supported.
1242 $mech->get_basic_credentials( $realm, $uri, $isproxy )
1244 Returns the credentials for the realm and URI.
1245 $mech->clear_credentials()
1247 Remove any credentials set up with "credentials()".
1248
1250 As a subclass of LWP::UserAgent, WWW::Mechanize inherits all of
1251 LWP::UserAgent's methods. Many of which are overridden or extended.
1252 The following methods are inherited unchanged. View the LWP::UserAgent
1253 documentation for their implementation descriptions.
1254 This is not meant to be an inclusive list. LWP::UA may have added
1256 others.
1257 $mech->head()
1259 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1260 $mech->mirror()
1262 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1263 $mech->simple_request()
1265 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1266 $mech->is_protocol_supported()
1268 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1269 $mech->prepare_request()
1271 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1272 $mech->progress()
1274 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1275
1277 These methods are only used internally. You probably don't need to
1278 know about them.
1279 $mech->_update_page($request, $response)
1281 Updates all internal variables in $mech as if $request was just
1282 performed, and returns $response. The page stack is not altered by this
1283 method, it is up to caller (e.g. "request") to do that.
1284 $mech->_modify_request( $req )
1286 Modifies a HTTP::Request before the request is sent out, for both GET
1287 and POST requests.
1288 We add a "Referer" header, as well as header to note that we can accept
1290 gzip encoded content, if Compress::Zlib is installed.
1291 $mech->_make_request()
1293 Convenience method to make it easier for subclasses like
1294 WWW::Mechanize::Cached to intercept the request.
1295 $mech->_reset_page()
1297 Resets the internal fields that track page parsed stuff.
1298 $mech->_extract_links()
1300 Extracts links from the content of a webpage, and populates the
1301 "{links}" property with WWW::Mechanize::Link objects.
1302 $mech->_push_page_stack()
1304 The agent keeps a stack of visited pages, which it can pop when it
1305 needs to go BACK and so on.
1306 The current page needs to be pushed onto the stack before we get a new
1308 page, and the stack needs to be popped when BACK occurs.
1309 Neither of these take any arguments, they just operate on the $mech
1311 object.
1312 warn( @messages )
1314 Centralized warning method, for diagnostics and non-fatal problems.
1315 Defaults to calling "CORE::warn", but may be overridden by setting
1316 "onwarn" in the constructor.
1317 die( @messages )
1319 Centralized error method. Defaults to calling "CORE::die", but may be
1320 overridden by setting "onerror" in the constructor.
1321
1323 The default settings can get you up and running quickly, but there are
1324 settings you can change in order to make your life easier.
1325 autocheck
1327 "autocheck" can save you the overhead of checking status codes for
1328 success. You may outgrow it as your needs get more sophisticated,
1329 but it's a safe option to start with.
1330 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( autocheck => 1 );
1332 cookie_jar
1334 You are encouraged to install Mozilla::PublicSuffix and use
1335 HTTP::CookieJar::LWP as your cookie jar. HTTP::CookieJar::LWP
1336 provides a better security model matching that of current Web
1337 browsers when Mozilla::PublicSuffix is installed.
1338 use HTTP::CookieJar::LWP ();
1340 my $jar = HTTP::CookieJar::LWP->new;
1342 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( cookie_jar => $jar );
1343 protocols_allowed
1345 This option is inherited directly from LWP::UserAgent. It allows
1346 you to whitelist the protocols you're willing to allow.
1347 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new(
1349 protocols_allowed => [ 'http', 'https' ]
1350 );
1351 This will prevent you from inadvertently following URLs like
1353 "file:///etc/passwd"
1354 protocols_forbidden
1356 This option is also inherited directly from LWP::UserAgent. It
1357 allows you to blacklist the protocols you're unwilling to allow.
1358 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new(
1360 protocols_forbidden => [ 'file', 'mailto', 'ssh', ]
1361 );
1362 This will prevent you from inadvertently following URLs like
1364 "file:///etc/passwd"
1365 strict_forms
1367 Consider turning on the "strict_forms" option when you create a new
1368 Mech. This will perform a helpful sanity check on form fields
1369 every time you are submitting a form, which can save you a lot of
1370 debugging time.
1371 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( strict_forms => 1 );
1373 If you do not want to have this option globally, you can still turn
1375 it on for individual forms.
1376 $agent->submit_form( fields => { foo => 'bar' } , strict_forms => 1 );
1378
1380 WWW::Mechanize is hosted at GitHub.
1381 Repository: <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize>. Bugs:
1383 <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize/issues>.
1384
1386 Spidering Hacks, by Kevin Hemenway and Tara Calishain
1387 Spidering Hacks from O'Reilly
1388 (<http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/spiderhks/>) is a great book for
1389 anyone wanting to know more about screen-scraping and spidering.
1390 There are six hacks that use Mech or a Mech derivative:
1392 #21 WWW::Mechanize 101
1394 #22 Scraping with WWW::Mechanize
1395 #36 Downloading Images from Webshots
1396 #44 Archiving Yahoo! Groups Messages with WWW::Yahoo::Groups
1397 #64 Super Author Searching
1398 #73 Scraping TV Listings
1399 The book was also positively reviewed on Slashdot:
1401 <http://books.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=03/12/11/2126256>
1402
1404 · WWW::Mechanize mailing list
1405 The Mech mailing list is at
1407 <http://groups.google.com/group/www-mechanize-users> and is
1408 specific to Mechanize, unlike the LWP mailing list below. Although
1409 it is a users list, all development discussion takes place here,
1410 too.
1411 · LWP mailing list
1413 The LWP mailing list is at
1415 <http://lists.perl.org/showlist.cgi?name=libwww>, and is more user-
1416 oriented and well-populated than the WWW::Mechanize list.
1417 · Perlmonks
1419 <http://perlmonks.org> is an excellent community of support, and
1421 many questions about Mech have already been answered there.
1422 · WWW::Mechanize::Examples
1424 A random array of examples submitted by users, included with the
1426 Mechanize distribution.
1427
1429 · <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/wa-perlsecure/>
1430 IBM article "Secure Web site access with Perl"
1432 · <http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/googlehks2/chapter/hack84.pdf>
1434 Leland Johnson's hack #84 in Google Hacks, 2nd Edition is an
1436 example of a production script that uses WWW::Mechanize and
1437 HTML::TableContentParser. It takes in keywords and returns the
1438 estimated price of these keywords on Google's AdWords program.
1439 · <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2004/06/04/recorder.html>
1441 Linda Julien writes about using HTTP::Recorder to create
1443 WWW::Mechanize scripts.
1444 · <http://www.developer.com/lang/other/article.php/3454041>
1446 Jason Gilmore's article on using WWW::Mechanize for scraping sales
1448 information from Amazon and eBay.
1449 · <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2003/01/22/mechanize.html>
1451 Chris Ball's article about using WWW::Mechanize for scraping TV
1453 listings.
1454 · <http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/LinuxMag/col47.html>
1456 Randal Schwartz's article on scraping Yahoo News for images. It's
1458 already out of date: He manually walks the list of links hunting
1459 for matches, which wouldn't have been necessary if the
1460 "find_link()" method existed at press time.
1461 · <http://www.perladvent.org/2002/16th/>
1463 WWW::Mechanize on the Perl Advent Calendar, by Mark Fowler.
1465 · <http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2004/03/datenruessel/>
1467 Michael Schilli's article on Mech and WWW::Mechanize::Shell for the
1469 German magazine Linux Magazin.
1470 Other modules that use Mechanize
1472 Here are modules that use or subclass Mechanize. Let me know of any
1473 others:
1474 · Finance::Bank::LloydsTSB
1476 · HTTP::Recorder
1478 Acts as a proxy for web interaction, and then generates
1480 WWW::Mechanize scripts.
1481 · Win32::IE::Mechanize
1483 Just like Mech, but using Microsoft Internet Explorer to do the
1485 work.
1486 · WWW::Bugzilla
1488 · WWW::CheckSite
1490 · WWW::Google::Groups
1492 · WWW::Hotmail
1494 · WWW::Mechanize::Cached
1496 · WWW::Mechanize::Cached::GZip
1498 · WWW::Mechanize::FormFiller
1500 · WWW::Mechanize::Shell
1502 · WWW::Mechanize::Sleepy
1504 · WWW::Mechanize::SpamCop
1506 · WWW::Mechanize::Timed
1508 · WWW::SourceForge
1510 · WWW::Yahoo::Groups
1512 · WWW::Scripter
1514
1516 Thanks to the numerous people who have helped out on WWW::Mechanize in
1517 one way or another, including Kirrily Robert for the original
1518 "WWW::Automate", Lyle Hopkins, Damien Clark, Ansgar Burchardt, Gisle
1519 Aas, Jeremy Ary, Hilary Holz, Rafael Kitover, Norbert Buchmuller, Dave
1520 Page, David Sainty, H.Merijn Brand, Matt Lawrence, Michael Schwern,
1521 Adriano Ferreira, Miyagawa, Peteris Krumins, Rafael Kitover, David
1522 Steinbrunner, Kevin Falcone, Mike O'Regan, Mark Stosberg, Uri Guttman,
1523 Peter Scott, Philippe Bruhat, Ian Langworth, John Beppu, Gavin Estey,
1524 Jim Brandt, Ask Bjoern Hansen, Greg Davies, Ed Silva, Mark-Jason
1525 Dominus, Autrijus Tang, Mark Fowler, Stuart Children, Max Maischein,
1526 Meng Wong, Prakash Kailasa, Abigail, Jan Pazdziora, Dominique
1527 Quatravaux, Scott Lanning, Rob Casey, Leland Johnson, Joshua Gatcomb,
1528 Julien Beasley, Abe Timmerman, Peter Stevens, Pete Krawczyk, Tad
1529 McClellan, and the late great Iain Truskett.
1530
1532 Andy Lester <andy at petdance.com>
1533
1535 This software is copyright (c) 2004-2016 by Andy Lester.
1536 This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
1538 the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
1539perl v5.30.1 2020-01-30 WWW::Mechanize(3)