1JOIN(1)                          User Commands                         JOIN(1)
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NAME

6       join - join lines of two files on a common field
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SYNOPSIS

9       join [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2
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DESCRIPTION

12       For  each  pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line
13       to standard output.  The default join field is the first, delimited  by
14       blanks.
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16       When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input.
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18       -a FILENUM
19              also  print unpairable lines from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is
20              1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2
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22       -e STRING
23              replace missing (empty) input fields with STRING; I.e.,  missing
24              fields specified with '-12jo' options
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26       -i, --ignore-case
27              ignore differences in case when comparing fields
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29       -j FIELD
30              equivalent to '-1 FIELD -2 FIELD'
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32       -o FORMAT
33              obey FORMAT while constructing output line
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35       -t CHAR
36              use CHAR as input and output field separator
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38       -v FILENUM
39              like -a FILENUM, but suppress joined output lines
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41       -1 FIELD
42              join on this FIELD of file 1
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44       -2 FIELD
45              join on this FIELD of file 2
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47       --check-order
48              check  that  the  input  is  correctly sorted, even if all input
49              lines are pairable
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51       --nocheck-order
52              do not check that the input is correctly sorted
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54       --header
55              treat the first line in each file as field headers,  print  them
56              without trying to pair them
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58       -z, --zero-terminated
59              line delimiter is NUL, not newline
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61       --help display this help and exit
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63       --version
64              output version information and exit
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66       Unless  -t  CHAR  is  given, leading blanks separate fields and are ig‐
67       nored, else fields are separated by CHAR.  Any FIELD is a field  number
68       counted  from 1.  FORMAT is one or more comma or blank separated speci‐
69       fications, each being 'FILENUM.FIELD' or '0'.  Default  FORMAT  outputs
70       the  join  field, the remaining fields from FILE1, the remaining fields
71       from FILE2, all separated by CHAR.  If FORMAT is  the  keyword  'auto',
72       then the first line of each file determines the number of fields output
73       for each line.
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75       Important: FILE1 and FILE2 must be sorted on the  join  fields.   E.g.,
76       use  "sort  -k  1b,1"  if 'join' has no options, or use "join -t ''" if
77       'sort' has no options.  Note, comparisons honor the rules specified  by
78       'LC_COLLATE'.   If  the  input  is  not sorted and some lines cannot be
79       joined, a warning message will be given.
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AUTHOR

82       Written by Mike Haertel.
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REPORTING BUGS

85       GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
86       Report any translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>
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89       Copyright © 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.   License  GPLv3+:  GNU
90       GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
91       This  is  free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
92       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
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SEE ALSO

95       comm(1), uniq(1)
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97       Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/join>
98       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) join invocation'
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102GNU coreutils 9.1                January 2023                          JOIN(1)
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