1GROFF_CHAR(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual GROFF_CHAR(7)
2
6 groff_char - groff glyph names
7
9 This manual page lists the standard groff glyph names and the default
10 input mapping, latin1. The glyphs in this document look different de‐
11 pending on which output device was chosen (with option -T for the
12 man(1) program or the roff formatter). Glyphs not available for the
13 device that is being used to print or view this manual page are marked
14 with ‘(N/A)’; the device currently used is ‘utf8’.
15 In the actual version, groff provides only 8-bit characters for direct
17 input and named entities for further glyphs. On ASCII platforms, input
18 character codes in the range 0 to 127 (decimal) represent the usual
19 7-bit ASCII characters, while codes between 127 and 255 are interpreted
20 as the corresponding characters in the latin1 (ISO-8859-1) code set by
21 default. This mapping is contained in the file latin1.tmac and can be
22 changed by loading a different input encoding. Note that some of the
23 input characters are reserved by groff, either for internal use or for
24 special input purposes. On EBCDIC platforms, only code page cp1047 is
25 supported (which contains the same characters as latin1; the input en‐
26 coding file is called cp1047.tmac). Again, some input characters are
27 reserved for internal and special purposes.
28 All roff systems provide the concept of named glyphs. In traditional
30 roff systems, only names of length 2 were used, while groff also pro‐
31 vides support for longer names. It is strongly suggested that only
32 named glyphs are used for all character representations outside of the
33 printable 7-bit ASCII range.
34 Some of the predefined groff escape sequences (with names of length 1)
36 also produce single glyphs; these exist for historical reasons or are
37 printable versions of syntactical characters. They include ‘\\’, ‘\'’,
38 ‘\`’, ‘\-’, ‘\.’, and ‘\e’; see groff(7).
39 In groff, all of these different types of characters and glyphs can be
41 tested positively with the ‘.if c’ conditional.
42
44 In this section, the glyphs in groff are specified in tabular form.
45 The meaning of the columns is as follows.
46 Output shows how the glyph is printed for the current device; although
48 this can have quite a different shape on other devices, it al‐
49 ways represents the same glyph.
50 Input specifies how the glyph is input either directly by a key on the
52 keyboard, or by a groff escape sequence.
53 Code applies to glyphs which can be input with a single character,
55 and gives the ISO latin1 decimal code of that input character.
56 Note that this code is equivalent to the lowest 256 Unicode
57 characters, including 7-bit ASCII in the range 0 to 127.
58 PostScript
60 gives the usual PostScript name of the glyph.
61 Unicode
63 is the glyph name used in composite glyph names. The names in
64 the Unicode column look like u0021 or u0041_0300. In groff, the
65 corresponding Unicode characters can be constructed by adding a
66 backslash and a pair of square brackets, for example \[u0021] or
67 \[u0041_0300].
68 7-bit Character Codes 32–126
70 These are the basic glyphs having 7-bit ASCII code values assigned.
71 They are identical to the printable characters of the character stan‐
72 dards ISO-8859-1 (latin1) and Unicode (range Basic Latin). The glyph
73 names used in composite glyph names are ‘u0020’ up to ‘u007E’.
74 Note that input characters in the range 0-31 and character 127 are not
76 printable characters. Most of them are invalid input characters for
77 groff anyway, and the valid ones have special meaning. For EBCDIC, the
78 printable characters are in the range 66-255.
79 48-57 Decimal digits 0 to 9 (print as themselves).
81 65-90 Upper case letters A-Z (print as themselves).
83 97-122 Lower case letters a–z (print as themselves).
85 Most of the remaining characters not in the just described ranges print
87 as themselves; the only exceptions are the following characters:
88 ` the ISO latin1 ‘Grave Accent’ (code 96) prints as ‘, a left sin‐
90 gle quotation mark (Unicode u2018). The same output glyph can
91 be requested explicitly with ‘\(oq’. The original character can
92 be obtained with ‘\`’ (Unicode u0060).
93 ' the ISO latin1 ‘Apostrophe’ (code 39) prints as ’, a right sin‐
95 gle quotation mark (Unicode u2019). The same output glyph is
96 commonly used in typography to represent a punctation apostro‐
97 phe, for example in contractions. It can be requested explic‐
98 itly with ‘\(cq’. The original character can be obtained with
99 ‘\(aq’ (Unicode u0027).
100 - the ISO latin1 ‘Hyphen, Minus Sign’ (code 45) prints as a hyphen
102 (Unicode u2010). The same output glyph can be requested explic‐
103 itly with ‘\(hy’. A minus sign can be obtained with ‘\-’ (Uni‐
104 code u2212).
105 ~ the ISO latin1 ‘Tilde’ (code 126) is reduced in size to be us‐
107 able as a diacritic (Unicode u02DC). A larger glyph can be ob‐
108 tained with ‘\(ti’ (Unicode u007E).
109 ^ the ISO latin1 ‘Circumflex Accent’ (code 94) is reduced in size
111 to be usable as a diacritic (Unicode u02C6); a larger glyph can
112 be obtained with ‘\(ha’ (Unicode u005E).
113 Output Input Code PostScript Unicode Notes
115 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
116 ! ! 33 exclam u0021 exclamation mark (bang)
117 " " 34 quotedbl u0022 double quote
118 # # 35 numbersign u0023 number sign
119 $ $ 36 dollar u0024 currency dollar sign
120 % % 37 percent u0025 percent
121 & & 38 ampersand u0026 ampersand
122 ’ ' 39 quoteright u2019 right quote
123 ' \(aq quotesingle u0027 apostrophe quote
124 ( ( 40 parenleft u0028 parentheses left
125 ) ) 41 parenright u0029 parentheses right
126 * * 42 asterisk u002A asterisk
127 + + 43 plus u002B plus
128 , , 44 comma u002C comma
129 ‐ - 45 hyphen u2010 hyphen
130 - \- minus u2212 minus sign
131 . . 46 period u002E period, dot
132 / / 47 slash u002F slash
134 : : 58 colon u003A colon
135 ; ; 59 semicolon u003B semicolon
136 < < 60 less u003C less than
137 = = 61 equal u003D equal
138 > > 62 greater u003E greater than
139 ? ? 63 question u003F question mark
140 @ @ 64 at u0040 at
141 [ [ 91 bracketleft u005B square bracket left
142 \ \ 92 backslash u005C backslash
143 ] ] 93 bracketright u005D square bracket right
144 ^ ^ 94 circumflex u02C6 modifier circumflex
145 ^ \(ha asciicircum u005E circumflex accent
146 _ _ 95 underscore u005F underscore
147 ‘ ` 96 quoteleft u2018 left quote
148 ` \(ga grave u0060 grave accent
149 { { 123 braceleft u007B curly brace left
150 | | 124 bar u007C bar
151 } } 125 braceright u007D curly brace right
152 ˜ ~ 126 tilde u02DC small tilde
153 ~ \(ti asciitilde u007E tilde
154 8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255
156 They are interpreted as printable characters according to the latin1
157 (ISO-8859-1) code set, being identical to the Unicode range Latin-1
158 Supplement.
159 Input characters in range 128-159 (on non-EBCDIC hosts) are not print‐
161 able characters.
162 160 the ISO latin1 no-break space is mapped to ‘\~’, the stretchable
164 space character.
165 173 the soft hyphen control character. groff never uses this char‐
167 acter for output (thus it is omitted in the table below); the
168 input character 173 is mapped onto ‘\%’.
169 The remaining ranges (161-172, 174-255) are printable characters that
171 print as themselves. Although they can be specified directly with the
172 keyboard on systems with a latin1 code page, it is better to use their
173 glyph names; see the next section.
174 Output Input Code PostScript Unicode Notes
176 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
177 ¡ ¡ 161 exclamdown u00A1 inverted exclamation mark
178 ¢ ¢ 162 cent u00A2 currency unit
179 £ £ 163 sterling u00A3 pound sterling
180 ¤ ¤ 164 currency u00A4 generic currency symbol
181 ¥ ¥ 165 yen u00A5 Japanese currency symbol
182 ¦ ¦ 166 brokenbar u00A6 broken bar
183 § § 167 section u00A7 section sign
184 ¨ ¨ 168 dieresis u00A8 dieresis (umlaut)
185 © © 169 copyright u00A9 copyright symbol
186 ª ª 170 ordfeminine u00AA feminine ordinal (Spanish)
187 « « 171 guillemotleft u00AB left guillemet [sic]
188 ¬ ¬ 172 logicalnot u00AC logical not
189 ® ® 174 registered u00AE registered mark symbol
190 ¯ ¯ 175 macron u00AF overbar accent
191 ° ° 176 degree u00B0 degree sign
192 ± ± 177 plusminus u00B1 plus-minus sign
193 ² ² 178 twosuperior u00B2 superscript 2
194 ³ ³ 179 threesuperior u00B3 superscript 3
195 ´ ´ 180 acute u00B4 acute accent
196 µ µ 181 mu u00B5 micro sign
197 ¶ ¶ 182 paragraph u00B6 end of paragraphs marker
198 · · 183 periodcentered u00B7 centered period
200 ¸ ¸ 184 cedilla u00B8 cedilla accent
201 ¹ ¹ 185 onesuperior u00B9 superscript 1
202 º º 186 ordmasculine u00BA masculine ordinal (Spanish)
203 » » 187 guillemotright u00BB right guillemet [sic]
204 ¼ ¼ 188 onequarter u00BC 1/4 symbol
205 ½ ½ 189 onehalf u00BD 1/2 symbol
206 ¾ ¾ 190 threequarters u00BE 3/4 symbol
207 ¿ ¿ 191 questiondown u00BF inverted question mark
208 À À 192 Agrave u0041_0300 A grave
209 Á Á 193 Aacute u0041_0301 A acute
210 Â Â 194 Acircumflex u0041_0302 A circumflex
211 Ã Ã 195 Atilde u0041_0303 A tilde
212 Ä Ä 196 Adieresis u0041_0308 A dieresis (umlaut)
213 Å Å 197 Aring u0041_030A A ring
214 Æ Æ 198 AE u00C6 A+E combined
215 Ç Ç 199 Ccedilla u0043_0327 C cedilla
216 È È 200 Egrave u0045_0300 E grave
217 É É 201 Eacute u0045_0301 E acute
218 Ê Ê 202 Ecircumflex u0045_0302 E circumflex
219 Ë Ë 203 Edieresis u0045_0308 E dieresis (umlaut)
220 Ì Ì 204 Igrave u0049_0300 I grave
221 Í Í 205 Iacute u0049_0301 I acute
222 Î Î 206 Icircumflex u0049_0302 I circumflex
223 Ï Ï 207 Idieresis u0049_0308 I dieresis
224 Ð Ð 208 Eth u00D0 E th
225 Ñ Ñ 209 Ntilde u004E_0303 N tilde
226 Ò Ò 210 Ograve u004F_0300 O grave
227 Ó Ó 211 Oacute u004F_0301 O acute
228 Ô Ô 212 Ocircumflex u004F_0302 O circumflex
229 Õ Õ 213 Otilde u004F_0303 O tilde
230 Ö Ö 214 Odieresis u004F_0308 O dieresis (umlaut)
231 × × 215 multiply u00D7 multiply
232 Ø Ø 216 Oslash u00D8 O slash
233 Ù Ù 217 Ugrave u0055_0300 U grave
234 Ú Ú 218 Uacute u0055_0301 U acute
235 Û Û 219 Ucircumflex u0055_0302 U circumflex
236 Ü Ü 220 Udieresis u0055_0308 U dieresis (umlaut)
237 Ý Ý 221 Yacute u0059_0301 Y acute
238 Þ Þ 222 Thorn u00DE Thorn
239 ß ß 223 germandbls u00DF German double s (sharp s)
240 à à 224 agrave u0061_0300 a grave
241 á á 225 aacute u0061_0301 a acute
242 â â 226 acircumflex u0061_0302 a circumflex
243 ã ã 227 atilde u0061_0303 a tilde
244 ä ä 228 adieresis u0061_0308 a dieresis (umlaut)
245 å å 229 aring u0061_030A a ring
246 æ æ 230 ae u00E6 a+e combined
247 ç ç 231 ccedilla u0063_0327 c cedilla
248 è è 232 egrave u0065_0300 e grave
249 é é 233 eacute u0065_0301 e acute
250 ê ê 234 ecircumflex u0065_0302 e circumflex
251 ë ë 235 edieresis u0065_0308 e dieresis (umlaut)
252 ì ì 236 igrave u0069_0300 i grave
253 í í 237 iacute u0069_0301 i acute
254 î î 238 icircumflex u0069_0302 i circumflex
255 ï ï 239 idieresis u0069_0308 i dieresis (umlaut)
256 ð ð 240 eth u00F0 e th
257 ñ ñ 241 ntilde u006E_0303 n tilde
258 ò ò 242 ograve u006F_0300 o grave
259 ó ó 243 oacute u006F_0301 o acute
260 ô ô 244 ocircumflex u006F_0302 o circumflex
261 õ õ 245 otilde u006F_0303 o tilde
262 ö ö 246 odieresis u006F_0308 o dieresis (umlaut)
263 ÷ ÷ 247 divide u00F7 divide
264 ø ø 248 oslash u00F8 o slash
266 ù ù 249 ugrave u0075_0300 u grave
267 ú ú 250 uacute u0075_0301 u acute
268 û û 251 ucircumflex u0075_0302 u circumflex
269 ü ü 252 udieresis u0075_0308 u dieresis (umlaut)
270 ý ý 253 yacute u0079_0301 y acute
271 þ þ 254 thorn u00FE thorn
272 ÿ ÿ 255 ydieresis u0079_0308 y dieresis (umlaut)
273 Named Glyphs
275 Glyph names can be embedded into the document text by using escape se‐
276 quences. groff(7) describes how these escape sequences look. Glyph
277 names can consist of quite arbitrary characters from the ASCII or
278 latin1 code set, not only alphanumeric characters. Here some examples:
279 \(ch A glyph having the 2-character name ch.
281 \[char_name]
283 A glyph having the name char_name (having length 1, 2, 3, ...).
284 Note that ‘c’ is not the same as ‘\[c]’ (c a single character):
285 The latter is internally mapped to glyph name ‘\c’. By default,
286 groff defines a single glyph name starting with a backslash,
287 namely ‘\-’, which can be either accessed as ‘\-’ or ‘\[-]’.
288 \[base_glyph composite_1 composite_2 ...]
290 A composite glyph; see below for a more detailed description.
291 In groff, each 8-bit input character can also referred to by the con‐
293 struct ‘\[charn]’ where n is the decimal code of the character, a num‐
294 ber between 0 and 255 without leading zeros (those entities are not
295 glyph names). They are normally mapped onto glyphs using the .trin re‐
296 quest.
297 Another special convention is the handling of glyphs with names di‐
299 rectly derived from a Unicode code point; this is shown in the ‘Uni‐
300 code’ column of the table below. In general, all glyphs not having a
301 name as listed in this manual page can be accessed with the ‘\[uXXXX]’
302 construct. Refer to section “Using Symbols” in Groff: The GNU Imple‐
303 mentation of troff, the groff Texinfo manual, which describes how groff
304 glyph names are constructed.
305 Moreover, new glyph names can be created by the .char request; see
307 groff(7).
308 In the following, a plus sign ‘+’ in the ‘Notes’ column indicates that
310 this particular glyph name appears in the PS version of the original
311 troff documentation, CSTR 54.
312 Entries marked with ‘***’ denote glyphs for mathematical purposes
314 (mainly used for DVI output). Normally, such glyphs have metrics which
315 make them unusable in normal text.
316 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
318 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
319 Ð \[-D] Eth u00D0 uppercase eth
320 ð \[Sd] eth u00F0 lowercase eth
321 Þ \[TP] Thorn u00DE uppercase thorn
322 þ \[Tp] thorn u00FE lowercase thorn
323 ß \[ss] germandbls u00DF German double s (sharp s)
324 Ligatures and Other Latin Glyphs
326 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
328 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
329 ff \[ff] ff u0066_0066 ff ligature +
330 fi \[fi] fi u0066_0069 fi ligature +
332 fl \[fl] fl u0066_006C fl ligature +
333 ffi \[Fi] ffi u0066_0066_0069 ffi ligature +
334 ffl \[Fl] ffl u0066_0066_006C ffl ligature +
335 Ł \[/L] Lslash u0141 L slash (Polish)
336 ł \[/l] lslash u0142 l slash (Polish)
337 Ø \[/O] Oslash u00D8 O slash (Scandinavian)
338 ø \[/o] oslash u00F8 o slash (Scandinavian)
339 Æ \[AE] AE u00C6 A+E combined
340 æ \[ae] ae u00E6 a+e combined
341 Π\[OE] OE u0152 O+E combined
342 œ \[oe] oe u0153 o+e combined
343 IJ \[IJ] IJ u0132 I+J combined (Dutch)
344 ij \[ij] ij u0133 i+j combined(Dutch)
345 ı \[.i] dotlessi u0131 i without a dot (Turkish)
346 ȷ \[.j] dotlessj u0237 j without a dot
347 Accented Characters
349 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
351 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
352 Á \['A] Aacute u0041_0301 A acute
353 Ć \['C] Cacute u0043_0301 C acute
354 É \['E] Eacute u0045_0301 E acute
355 Í \['I] Iacute u0049_0301 I acute
356 Ó \['O] Oacute u004F_0301 O acute
357 Ú \['U] Uacute u0055_0301 U acute
358 Ý \['Y] Yacute u0059_0301 Y acute
359 á \['a] aacute u0061_0301 a acute
360 ć \['c] cacute u0063_0301 c acute
361 é \['e] eacute u0065_0301 e acute
362 í \['i] iacute u0069_0301 i acute
363 ó \['o] oacute u006F_0301 o acute
364 ú \['u] uacute u0075_0301 u acute
365 ý \['y] yacute u0079_0301 y acute
366 Ä \[:A] Adieresis u0041_0308 A dieresis (umlaut)
367 Ë \[:E] Edieresis u0045_0308 E dieresis (umlaut)
368 Ï \[:I] Idieresis u0049_0308 I dieresis (umlaut)
369 Ö \[:O] Odieresis u004F_0308 O dieresis (umlaut)
370 Ü \[:U] Udieresis u0055_0308 U dieresis (umlaut)
371 Ÿ \[:Y] Ydieresis u0059_0308 Y dieresis (umlaut)
372 ä \[:a] adieresis u0061_0308 a dieresis (umlaut)
373 ë \[:e] edieresis u0065_0308 e dieresis (umlaut)
374 ï \[:i] idieresis u0069_0308 i dieresis (umlaut)
375 ö \[:o] odieresis u006F_0308 o dieresis (umlaut)
376 ü \[:u] udieresis u0075_0308 u dieresis (umlaut)
377 ÿ \[:y] ydieresis u0079_0308 y dieresis (umlaut)
378 Â \[^A] Acircumflex u0041_0302 A circumflex
379 Ê \[^E] Ecircumflex u0045_0302 E circumflex
380 Î \[^I] Icircumflex u0049_0302 I circumflex
381 Ô \[^O] Ocircumflex u004F_0302 O circumflex
382 Û \[^U] Ucircumflex u0055_0302 U circumflex
383 â \[^a] acircumflex u0061_0302 a circumflex
384 ê \[^e] ecircumflex u0065_0302 e circumflex
385 î \[^i] icircumflex u0069_0302 i circumflex
386 ô \[^o] ocircumflex u006F_0302 o circumflex
387 û \[^u] ucircumflex u0075_0302 u circumflex
388 À \[`A] Agrave u0041_0300 A grave
389 È \[`E] Egrave u0045_0300 E grave
390 Ì \[`I] Igrave u0049_0300 I grave
391 Ò \[`O] Ograve u004F_0300 O grave
392 Ù \[`U] Ugrave u0055_0300 U grave
393 à \[`a] agrave u0061_0300 a grave
394 è \[`e] egrave u0065_0300 e grave
395 ì \[`i] igrave u0069_0300 i grave
396 ò \[`o] ograve u006F_0300 o grave
398 ù \[`u] ugrave u0075_0300 u grave
399 Ã \[~A] Atilde u0041_0303 A tilde
400 Ñ \[~N] Ntilde u004E_0303 N tilde
401 Õ \[~O] Otilde u004F_0303 O tilde
402 ã \[~a] atilde u0061_0303 a tilde
403 ñ \[~n] ntilde u006E_0303 n tilde
404 õ \[~o] otilde u006F_0303 o tilde
405 Š \[vS] Scaron u0053_030C S caron
406 š \[vs] scaron u0073_030C s caron
407 Ž \[vZ] Zcaron u005A_030C Z caron
408 ž \[vz] zcaron u007A_030C z caron
409 Ç \[,C] Ccedilla u0043_0327 C cedilla
410 ç \[,c] ccedilla u0063_0327 c cedilla
411 Å \[oA] Aring u0041_030A A ring
412 å \[oa] aring u0061_030A a ring
413 Accents
415 The composite request is used to map most of the accents to non-spacing
417 glyph names; the values given in parentheses are the original (spacing)
418 ones.
419 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
421 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
422 ˝ \[a"] hungarumlaut u030B (u02DD) Hungarian umlaut
423 ¯ \[a-] macron u0304 (u00AF) overbar accent
424 ˙ \[a.] dotaccent u0307 (u02D9) dot accent
425 ^ \[a^] circumflex u0302 (u005E) circumflex accent
426 ´ \[aa] acute u0301 (u00B4) acute accent +
427 ` \[ga] grave u0300 (u0060) grave accent +
428 ˘ \[ab] breve u0306 (u02D8) breve accent
429 ¸ \[ac] cedilla u0327 (u00B8) cedilla accent
430 ¨ \[ad] dieresis u0308 (u00A8) umlaut accent
431 ˇ \[ah] caron u030C (u02C7) caron accent
432 ˚ \[ao] ring u030A (u02DA) small circle, ring accent
433 ~ \[a~] tilde u0303 (u007E) tilde accent
434 ˛ \[ho] ogonek u0328 (u02DB) hook accent
435 ^ \[ha] asciicircum u005E high circumflex, ASCII
436 character, in mathematics
437 the power sign
438 ~ \[ti] asciitilde u007E tilde in vertical middle,
439 ASCII, in Unix-like the
440 home directory
441 Quotes
443 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
445 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
446 „ \[Bq] quotedblbase u201E low double comma quote
447 ‚ \[bq] quotesinglbase u201A low single comma quote
448 “ \[lq] quotedblleft u201C left double quote
449 ” \[rq] quotedblright u201D right double quote
450 ‘ \[oq] quoteleft u2018 single open (left) quote
451 ’ \[cq] quoteright u2019 single closing (right) quote
452 ' \[aq] quotesingle u0027 apostrophe quote (ASCII 39)
453 " \[dq] quotedbl u0022 double quote (ASCII 34)
454 « \[Fo] guillemotleft u00AB left guillemet [sic]
455 » \[Fc] guillemotright u00BB right guillemet [sic]
456 ‹ \[fo] guilsinglleft u2039 single left-pointing angle
457 quotation mark
458 › \[fc] guilsinglright u203A single right-pointing angle
459 quotation mark
460 Punctuation
462 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
464 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
465 ¡ \[r!] exclamdown u00A1 inverted exclamation mark
466 ¿ \[r?] questiondown u00BF inverted question mark
467 — \[em] emdash u2014 em-dash symbol +
468 – \[en] endash u2013 en-dash symbol
469 ‐ \[hy] hyphen u2010 hyphen symbol +
470 Brackets
472 The extensible bracket pieces are font-invariant glyphs. In classical
474 troff only one glyph was available to vertically extend brackets,
475 braces, and parentheses: ‘bv’. We map it rather arbitrarily to u23AA.
476 Note that not all devices contain extensible bracket pieces which can
478 be piled up with ‘\b’ due to the restrictions of the escape's piling
479 algorithm. A general solution to build brackets out of pieces is the
480 following macro:
481 .\" Make a pile centered vertically 0.5em
483 .\" above the baseline.
484 .\" The first argument is placed at the top.
485 .\" The pile is returned in string 'pile'
486 .eo
487 .de pile-make
488 . nr pile-wd 0
489 . nr pile-ht 0
490 . ds pile-args
491 .
492 . nr pile-# \n[.$]
493 . while \n[pile-#] \{\
494 . nr pile-wd (\n[pile-wd] >? \w'\$[\n[pile-#]]')
495 . nr pile-ht +(\n[rst] - \n[rsb])
496 . as pile-args \v'\n[rsb]u'\"
497 . as pile-args \Z'\$[\n[pile-#]]'\"
498 . as pile-args \v'-\n[rst]u'\"
499 . nr pile-# -1
500 . \}
501 .
502 . ds pile \v'(-0.5m + (\n[pile-ht]u / 2u))'\"
503 . as pile \*[pile-args]\"
504 . as pile \v'((\n[pile-ht]u / 2u) + 0.5m)'\"
505 . as pile \h'\n[pile-wd]u'\"
506 ..
507 .ec
508 Another complication is the fact that some glyphs which represent
510 bracket pieces in original troff can be used for other mathematical
511 symbols also, for example ‘lf’ and ‘rf’ which provide the ‘floor’ oper‐
512 ator. Other devices (most notably for DVI output) don't unify such
513 glyphs. For this reason, the four glyphs ‘lf’, ‘rf’, ‘lc’, and ‘rc’
514 are not unified with similarly looking bracket pieces. In groff, only
515 glyphs with long names are guaranteed to pile up correctly for all de‐
516 vices (provided those glyphs exist).
517 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
519 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
520 [ \[lB] bracketleft u005B left square
521 bracket
522 ] \[rB] bracketright u005D right square
523 bracket
524 { \[lC] braceleft u007B left curly
525 brace
526 } \[rC] braceright u007D right curly
527 brace
528 ⟨ \[la] angleleft u27E8 left angle
530 bracket
531 ⟩ \[ra] angleright u27E9 right angle
532 bracket
533 ⎪ \[bv] braceex u23AA curly brace
535 vertical exten‐
536 sion *** +
537 ⎪ \[braceex] braceex u23AA curly brace
538 vertical exten‐
539 sion
540 ⎡ \[bracketlefttp] bracketlefttp u23A1 left square
542 bracket top
543 ⎣ \[bracketleftbt] bracketleftbt u23A3 left square
544 bracket bottom
545 ⎢ \[bracketleftex] bracketleftex u23A2 left square
546 bracket exten‐
547 sion
548 ⎤ \[bracketrighttp] bracketrighttp u23A4 right square
549 bracket top
550 ⎦ \[bracketrightbt] bracketrightbt u23A6 right square
551 bracket bottom
552 ⎥ \[bracketrightex] bracketrightex u23A5 right square
553 bracket exten‐
554 sion
555 ⎧ \[lt] bracelefttp u23A7 left curly
557 brace top +
558 ⎧ \[bracelefttp] bracelefttp u23A7 left curly
559 brace top
560 ⎨ \[lk] braceleftmid u23A8 left curly
561 brace middle +
562 ⎨ \[braceleftmid] braceleftmid u23A8 left curly
563 brace middle
564 ⎩ \[lb] braceleftbt u23A9 left curly
565 brace bottom +
566 ⎩ \[braceleftbt] braceleftbt u23A9 left curly
567 brace bottom
568 ⎪ \[braceleftex] braceleftex u23AA left curly
569 brace extension
570 ⎫ \[rt] bracerighttp u23AB right curly
571 brace top +
572 ⎫ \[bracerighttp] bracerighttp u23AB right curly
573 brace top
574 ⎬ \[rk] bracerightmid u23AC right curly
575 brace middle +
576 ⎬ \[bracerightmid] bracerightmid u23AC right curly
577 brace middle
578 ⎭ \[rb] bracerightbt u23AD right curly
579 brace bottom +
580 ⎭ \[bracerightbt] bracerightbt u23AD right curly
581 brace bottom
582 ⎪ \[bracerightex] bracerightex u23AA right curly
583 brace extension
584 ⎛ \[parenlefttp] parenlefttp u239B left parenthe‐
585 sis top
586 ⎝ \[parenleftbt] parenleftbt u239D left parenthe‐
587 sis bottom
588 ⎜ \[parenleftex] parenleftex u239C left parenthe‐
589 sis extension
590 ⎞ \[parenrighttp] parenrighttp u239E right parenthe‐
591 sis top
592 ⎠ \[parenrightbt] parenrightbt u23A0 right parenthe‐
593 sis bottoom
594 ⎟ \[parenrightex] parenrightex u239F right parenthe‐
596 sis extension
597 Arrows
599 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
601 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
602 ← \[<-] arrowleft u2190 horizontal arrow left +
603 → \[->] arrowright u2192 horizontal arrow right +
604 ↔ \[<>] arrowboth u2194 horizontal arrow in both di‐
605 rections
606 ↓ \[da] arrowdown u2193 vertical arrow down +
607 ↑ \[ua] arrowup u2191 vertical arrow up +
608 ↕ \[va] arrowupdn u2195 vertical arrow in both direc‐
609 tions
610 ⇐ \[lA] arrowdblleft u21D0 horizontal double arrow left
611 ⇒ \[rA] arrowdblright u21D2 horizontal double arrow right
612 ⇔ \[hA] arrowdblboth u21D4 horizontal double arrow in
613 both directions
614 ⇓ \[dA] arrowdbldown u21D3 vertical double arrow down
615 ⇑ \[uA] arrowdblup u21D1 vertical double arrow up
616 ⇕ \[vA] uni21D5 u21D5 vertical double arrow in both
617 directions
618 ⎯ \[an] arrowhorizex u23AF horizontal arrow extension
619 Lines
621 The font-invariant glyphs ‘br’, ‘ul’, and ‘rn’ form corners; they can
623 be used to build boxes. Note that both the PostScript and the Unicode-
624 derived names of these three glyphs are just rough approximations.
625 ‘rn’ also serves in classical troff as the horizontal extension of the
627 square root sign.
628 ‘ru’ is a font-invariant glyph, namely a rule of length 0.5m.
630 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
632 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
633 | \[ba] bar u007C
634 │ \[br] SF110000 u2502 box rule +
635 _ \[ul] underscore u005F +
636 ‾ \[rn] overline u203E +
637 _ \[ru] --- --- baseline rule +
638 ¦ \[bb] brokenbar u00A6
639 / \[sl] slash u002F +
640 \ \[rs] backslash u005C reverse solidus
641 Use ‘\[radicalex]’, not ‘\[overline]’, for continuation of square root.
643 Text markers
645 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
647 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
648 ○ \[ci] circle u25CB +
649 • \[bu] bullet u2022 +
650 ‡ \[dd] daggerdbl u2021 double dagger sign +
651 † \[dg] dagger u2020 dagger +
652 ◊ \[lz] lozenge u25CA lozenge, diamond, pound key
653 □ \[sq] uni25A1 u25A1 white square +
654 ¶ \[ps] paragraph u00B6 end of paragraph marker
655 § \[sc] section u00A7 section sign +
656 ☜ \[lh] uni261C u261C hand pointing left +
657 ☞ \[rh] a14 u261E hand pointing right +
658 @ \[at] at u0040 at
659 # \[sh] numbersign u0023 number sign
660 ↵ \[CR] carriagereturn u21B5 carriage return
662 ✓ \[OK] a19 u2713 check mark, tick
663 Legal Symbols
665 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
667 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
668 © \[co] copyright u00A9 +
669 ® \[rg] registered u00AE +
670 ™ \[tm] trademark u2122
671 \[bs] --- --- AT&T Bell Labs logo +
672 The Bell Labs logo is not supported in groff.
674 Currency symbols
676 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
678 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
679 $ \[Do] dollar u0024 dollar
680 ¢ \[ct] cent u00A2 cent +
681 € \[eu] --- u20AC official Euro symbol
682 € \[Eu] Euro u20AC font-specific Euro glyph variant
683 ¥ \[Ye] yen u00A5 Japanese Yen
684 £ \[Po] sterling u00A3 pound sterling (British)
685 ¤ \[Cs] currency u00A4 Scandinavian currency sign
686 ƒ \[Fn] florin u0192 Dutch currency sign
687 Units
689 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
691 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
692 ° \[de] degree u00B0 degree +
693 ‰ \[%0] perthousand u2030 per thousand, per mille sign
694 ′ \[fm] minute u2032 arc minute sign +
695 ″ \[sd] second u2033 acr second sign
696 µ \[mc] mu u00B5 mu, micro sign
697 ª \[Of] ordfeminine u00AA feminine ordinal (Spanish)
698 º \[Om] ordmasculine u00BA masculine ordinal (Spanish)
699 Logical Symbols
701 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
703 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
704 ∧ \[AN] logicaland u2227 logical and
705 ∨ \[OR] logicalor u2228 logical or
706 ¬ \[no] logicalnot u00AC logical not + ***
707 ¬ \[tno] logicalnot u00AC text variant of ‘no’
708 ∃ \[te] existential u2203 there exists
709 ∀ \[fa] universal u2200 for all
710 ∋ \[st] suchthat u220B sucht that
711 ∴ \[3d] therefore u2234 therefore
712 ∴ \[tf] therefore u2234 therefore
713 | \[or] bar u007C bitwise OR operator (as used
714 in C) +
715 Mathematical Symbols
717 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
719 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
720 ½ \[12] onehalf u00BD 1/2 symbol +
721 ¼ \[14] onequarter u00BC 1/4 symbol +
722 ¾ \[34] threequarters u00BE 3/4 symbol +
723 ⅛ \[18] oneeighth u215B 1/8 symbol
724 ⅜ \[38] threeeighths u215C 3/8 symbol
725 ⅝ \[58] fiveeighths u215D 5/8 symbol
726 ⅞ \[78] seveneighths u215E 7/8 symbol
728 ¹ \[S1] onesuperior u00B9 superscript 1
729 ² \[S2] twosuperior u00B2 superscript 2
730 ³ \[S3] threesuperior u00B3 superscript 3
731 + \[pl] plus u002B plus in special font +
733 − \[mi] minus u2212 minus in special font +
734 ∓ \[-+] uni2213 u2213 minus-plus
735 ± \[+-] plusminus u00B1 plus-minus + ***
736 ± \[t+-] plusminus u00B1 text variant of \[+-]
737 · \[pc] periodcentered u00B7 period centered
738 ⋅ \[md] dotmath u22C5 multiplication dot
739 × \[mu] multiply u00D7 multiply sign + ***
740 × \[tmu] multiply u00D7 text variant of \[mu]
741 ⊗ \[c*] circlemultiply u2297 multiply sign in circle
742 ⊕ \[c+] circleplus u2295 plus sign in circle
743 ÷ \[di] divide u00F7 division sign + ***
744 ÷ \[tdi] divide u00F7 text variant of \[di]
745 ⁄ \[f/] fraction u2044 bar for fractions
746 ∗ \[**] asteriskmath u2217 mathematical asterisk +
747 ≤ \[<=] lessequal u2264 less or equal +
749 ≥ \[>=] greaterequal u2265 greater or equal +
750 ≪ \[<<] uni226A u226A much less
751 ≫ \[>>] uni226B u226B much greater
752 = \[eq] equal u003D equals in special font +
753 ≠ \[!=] notequal u003D_0338 not equal +
754 ≡ \[==] equivalence u2261 equivalent +
755 ≢ \[ne] uni2262 u2261_0338 not equivalent
756 ≅ \[=~] congruent u2245 congruent, approx. equal
757 ≃ \[|=] uni2243 u2243 asymptot. equal to +
758 ∼ \[ap] similar u223C similar +
759 ≈ \[~~] approxequal u2248 almost equal to
760 ≈ \[~=] approxequal u2248 almost equal to
761 ∝ \[pt] proportional u221D proportional +
762 ∅ \[es] emptyset u2205 empty set +
764 ∈ \[mo] element u2208 element of a set +
765 ∉ \[nm] notelement u2208_0338 not element of set
766 ⊂ \[sb] propersubset u2282 proper subset +
767 ⊄ \[nb] notsubset u2282_0338 not supset
768 ⊃ \[sp] propersuperset u2283 proper superset +
769 ⊅ \[nc] uni2285 u2283_0338 not superset
770 ⊆ \[ib] reflexsubset u2286 subset or equal +
771 ⊇ \[ip] reflexsuperset u2287 superset or equal +
772 ∩ \[ca] intersection u2229 intersection, cap +
773 ∪ \[cu] union u222A union, cup +
774 ∠ \[/_] angle u2220 angle
776 ⊥ \[pp] perpendicular u22A5 perpendicular
777 ∫ \[is] integral u222B integral +
778 ∫ \[integral] integral u222B integral ***
779 ∑ \[sum] summation u2211 summation ***
780 ∏ \[product] product u220F product ***
781 ∐ \[coproduct] uni2210 u2210 coproduct ***
782 ∇ \[gr] gradient u2207 gradient +
783 √ \[sr] radical u221A square root +
784 √ \[sqrt] radical u221A square root
785 \[radicalex] radicalex --- square root continuation
786 ***
787 \[sqrtex] radicalex --- square root continuation
788 ***
789 ⌈ \[lc] uni2308 u2308 left ceiling +
791 ⌉ \[rc] uni2309 u2309 right ceiling +
792 ⌊ \[lf] uni230A u230A left floor +
794 ⌋ \[rf] uni230B u230B right floor +
795 ∞ \[if] infinity u221E infinity +
797 ℵ \[Ah] aleph u2135 aleph
798 ℑ \[Im] Ifraktur u2111 Gothic I, imaginary
799 ℜ \[Re] Rfraktur u211C Gothic R, real
800 ℘ \[wp] weierstrass u2118 Weierstrass p
801 ∂ \[pd] partialdiff u2202 partial differentiation
802 +
803 ℏ \[-h] uni210F u210F Planck constant / 2pi
804 (h-bar)
805 ℏ \[hbar] uni210F u210F Planck constant / 2pi
806 (h-bar)
807 Greek glyphs
809 These glyphs are intended for technical use, not for real Greek; nor‐
811 mally, the uppercase letters have upright shape, and the lowercase ones
812 are slanted. There is a problem with the mapping of letter phi to Uni‐
813 code. Prior to Unicode version 3.0, the difference between U+03C6,
814 GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI, and U+03D5, GREEK PHI SYMBOL, was not clearly
815 described; only the glyph shapes in the Unicode book could be used as a
816 reference. Starting with Unicode 3.0, the reference glyphs have been
817 exchanged and described verbally also: In mathematical context, U+03D5
818 is the stroked variant and U+03C6 the curly glyph. Unfortunately, most
819 font vendors didn't update their fonts to this (incompatible) change in
820 Unicode. At the time of this writing (January 2006), it is not clear
821 yet whether the Adobe Glyph Names ‘phi’ and ‘phi1’ also change its
822 meaning if used for mathematics, thus compatibility problems are likely
823 to happen – being conservative, groff currently assumes that ‘phi’ in a
824 PostScript symbol font is the stroked version.
825 In groff, symbol ‘\[*f]’ always denotes the stroked version of phi, and
827 ‘\[+f]’ the curly variant.
828 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
830 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
831 Α \[*A] Alpha u0391 +
832 Β \[*B] Beta u0392 +
833 Γ \[*G] Gamma u0393 +
834 Δ \[*D] Delta u0394 +
835 Ε \[*E] Epsilon u0395 +
836 Ζ \[*Z] Zeta u0396 +
837 Η \[*Y] Eta u0397 +
838 Θ \[*H] Theta u0398 +
839 Ι \[*I] Iota u0399 +
840 Κ \[*K] Kappa u039A +
841 Λ \[*L] Lambda u039B +
842 Μ \[*M] Mu u039C +
843 Ν \[*N] Nu u039D +
844 Ξ \[*C] Xi u039E +
845 Ο \[*O] Omicron u039F +
846 Π \[*P] Pi u03A0 +
847 Ρ \[*R] Rho u03A1 +
848 Σ \[*S] Sigma u03A3 +
849 Τ \[*T] Tau u03A4 +
850 Υ \[*U] Upsilon u03A5 +
851 Φ \[*F] Phi u03A6 +
852 Χ \[*X] Chi u03A7 +
853 Ψ \[*Q] Psi u03A8 +
854 Ω \[*W] Omega u03A9 +
855 α \[*a] alpha u03B1 +
856 β \[*b] beta u03B2 +
857 γ \[*g] gamma u03B3 +
858 δ \[*d] delta u03B4 +
860 ε \[*e] epsilon u03B5 +
861 ζ \[*z] zeta u03B6 +
862 η \[*y] eta u03B7 +
863 θ \[*h] theta u03B8 +
864 ι \[*i] iota u03B9 +
865 κ \[*k] kappa u03BA +
866 λ \[*l] lambda u03BB +
867 μ \[*m] mu u03BC +
868 ν \[*n] nu u03BD +
869 ξ \[*c] xi u03BE +
870 ο \[*o] omicron u03BF +
871 π \[*p] pi u03C0 +
872 ρ \[*r] rho u03C1 +
873 ς \[ts] sigma1 u03C2 terminal sigma +
874 σ \[*s] sigma u03C3 +
875 τ \[*t] tau u03C4 +
876 υ \[*u] upsilon u03C5 +
877 ϕ \[*f] phi u03D5 (stroked glyph) +
878 χ \[*x] chi u03C7 +
879 ψ \[*q] psi u03C8 +
880 ω \[*w] omega u03C9 +
881 ϑ \[+h] theta1 u03D1 variant theta
882 φ \[+f] phi1 u03C6 variant phi (curly shape)
883 ϖ \[+p] omega1 u03D6 variant pi, looking like omega
884 ϵ \[+e] uni03F5 u03F5 variant epsilon
885 Card symbols
887 Output Input PostScript Unicode Notes
889 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
890 ♣ \[CL] club u2663 black club suit
891 ♠ \[SP] spade u2660 black spade suit
892 ♥ \[HE] heart u2665 black heart suit
893 ♡ \[u2661] uni2661 u2661 white heart suit
894 ♦ \[DI] diamond u2666 black diamond suit
895 ♢ \[u2662] uni2662 u2662 white diamond suit
896
898 This document was written by James Clark ⟨jjc@jclark.com⟩, with addi‐
899 tions by Werner Lemberg ⟨wl@gnu.org⟩ and Bernd Warken
900 ⟨groff-bernd.warken-72@web.de⟩, and revised to use real tables by Eric
901 S. Raymond ⟨esr@thyrsus.com⟩.
902
904 Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, by Trent A. Fisher and Werner
905 Lemberg, is the primary groff manual. Section “Using Symbols” may be
906 of particular note. You can browse it interactively with “info
907 '(groff)Using Symbols'”.
908 groff(1)
910 the GNU roff formatter
911 groff(7)
913 a short reference of the groff formatting language
914 An extension to the troff character set for Europe, E.G. Keizer, K.J.
916 Simonsen, J. Akkerhuis; EUUG Newsletter, Volume 9, No. 2, Summer 1989
917 The Unicode Standard ⟨http://www.unicode.org⟩
919groff 1.22.4 21 July 2022 GROFF_CHAR(7)