1GROFF_CHAR(7)          Miscellaneous Information Manual          GROFF_CHAR(7)
2
3
4

NAME

6       groff_char - groff glyph names
7

DESCRIPTION

9       This  manual  page lists the standard groff glyph names and the default
10       input mapping, latin1.  The glyphs in this document look different  de‐
11       pending  on  which  output  device  was  chosen (with option -T for the
12       man(1) program or the roff formatter).  Glyphs not  available  for  the
13       device  that is being used to print or view this manual page are marked
14       with ‘(N/A)’; the device currently used is ‘utf8’.
15
16       In the actual version, groff provides only 8-bit characters for  direct
17       input and named entities for further glyphs.  On ASCII platforms, input
18       character codes in the range 0 to 127  (decimal)  represent  the  usual
19       7-bit ASCII characters, while codes between 127 and 255 are interpreted
20       as the corresponding characters in the latin1 (ISO-8859-1) code set  by
21       default.   This mapping is contained in the file latin1.tmac and can be
22       changed by loading a different input encoding.  Note that some  of  the
23       input  characters are reserved by groff, either for internal use or for
24       special input purposes.  On EBCDIC platforms, only code page cp1047  is
25       supported  (which contains the same characters as latin1; the input en‐
26       coding file is called cp1047.tmac).  Again, some input  characters  are
27       reserved for internal and special purposes.
28
29       All  roff  systems provide the concept of named glyphs.  In traditional
30       roff systems, only names of length 2 were used, while groff  also  pro‐
31       vides  support  for  longer  names.  It is strongly suggested that only
32       named glyphs are used for all character representations outside of  the
33       printable 7-bit ASCII range.
34
35       Some  of the predefined groff escape sequences (with names of length 1)
36       also produce single glyphs; these exist for historical reasons  or  are
37       printable versions of syntactical characters.  They include ‘\\’, ‘\'’,
38       ‘\`’, ‘\-’, ‘\.’, and ‘\e’; see groff(7).
39
40       In groff, all of these different types of characters and glyphs can  be
41       tested positively with the ‘.if c’ conditional.
42

REFERENCE

44       In  this  section,  the  glyphs in groff are specified in tabular form.
45       The meaning of the columns is as follows.
46
47       Output shows how the glyph is printed for the current device;  although
48              this  can  have quite a different shape on other devices, it al‐
49              ways represents the same glyph.
50
51       Input  specifies how the glyph is input either directly by a key on the
52              keyboard, or by a groff escape sequence.
53
54       Code   applies  to  glyphs  which can be input with a single character,
55              and gives the ISO latin1 decimal code of that  input  character.
56              Note  that  this  code  is  equivalent to the lowest 256 Unicode
57              characters, including 7-bit ASCII in the range 0 to 127.
58
59       PostScript
60              gives the usual PostScript name of the glyph.
61
62       Unicode
63              is the glyph name used in composite glyph names.  The  names  in
64              the Unicode column look like u0021 or u0041_0300.  In groff, the
65              corresponding Unicode characters can be constructed by adding  a
66              backslash and a pair of square brackets, for example \[u0021] or
67              \[u0041_0300].
68
69   7-bit Character Codes 32–126
70       These are the basic glyphs having 7-bit  ASCII  code  values  assigned.
71       They  are  identical to the printable characters of the character stan‐
72       dards ISO-8859-1 (latin1) and Unicode (range Basic Latin).   The  glyph
73       names used in composite glyph names are ‘u0020’ up to ‘u007E’.
74
75       Note  that input characters in the range 0-31 and character 127 are not
76       printable characters.  Most of them are invalid  input  characters  for
77       groff anyway, and the valid ones have special meaning.  For EBCDIC, the
78       printable characters are in the range 66-255.
79
80       48-57  Decimal digits 0 to 9 (print as themselves).
81
82       65-90  Upper case letters A-Z (print as themselves).
83
84       97-122 Lower case letters a–z (print as themselves).
85
86       Most of the remaining characters not in the just described ranges print
87       as themselves; the only exceptions are the following characters:
88
89       `      the ISO latin1 ‘Grave Accent’ (code 96) prints as ‘, a left sin‐
90              gle quotation mark (Unicode u2018).  The same output  glyph  can
91              be requested explicitly with ‘\(oq’.  The original character can
92              be obtained with ‘\`’ (Unicode u0060).
93
94       '      the ISO latin1 ‘Apostrophe’ (code 39) prints as ’, a right  sin‐
95              gle  quotation  mark  (Unicode u2019).  The same output glyph is
96              commonly used in typography to represent a  punctation  apostro‐
97              phe,  for  example in contractions.  It can be requested explic‐
98              itly with ‘\(cq’.  The original character can be  obtained  with
99              ‘\(aq’ (Unicode u0027).
100
101       -      the ISO latin1 ‘Hyphen, Minus Sign’ (code 45) prints as a hyphen
102              (Unicode u2010).  The same output glyph can be requested explic‐
103              itly  with ‘\(hy’.  A minus sign can be obtained with ‘\-’ (Uni‐
104              code u2212).
105
106       ~      the ISO latin1 ‘Tilde’ (code 126) is reduced in size to  be  us‐
107              able  as a diacritic (Unicode u02DC).  A larger glyph can be ob‐
108              tained with ‘\(ti’ (Unicode u007E).
109
110       ^      the ISO latin1 ‘Circumflex Accent’ (code 94) is reduced in  size
111              to  be usable as a diacritic (Unicode u02C6); a larger glyph can
112              be obtained with ‘\(ha’ (Unicode u005E).
113
114       Output   Input   Code   PostScript     Unicode   Notes
115       ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
116       !        !       33     exclam         u0021     exclamation mark (bang)
117       "        "       34     quotedbl       u0022     double quote
118       #        #       35     numbersign     u0023     number sign
119       $        $       36     dollar         u0024     currency dollar sign
120       %        %       37     percent        u0025     percent
121       &        &       38     ampersand      u0026     ampersand
122       ’        '       39     quoteright     u2019     right quote
123       '        \(aq           quotesingle    u0027     apostrophe quote
124       (        (       40     parenleft      u0028     parentheses left
125       )        )       41     parenright     u0029     parentheses right
126       *        *       42     asterisk       u002A     asterisk
127       +        +       43     plus           u002B     plus
128       ,        ,       44     comma          u002C     comma
129       ‐        -       45     hyphen         u2010     hyphen
130       -        \-             minus          u2212     minus sign
131       .        .       46     period         u002E     period, dot
132
133       /        /       47     slash          u002F     slash
134       :        :       58     colon          u003A     colon
135       ;        ;       59     semicolon      u003B     semicolon
136       <        <       60     less           u003C     less than
137       =        =       61     equal          u003D     equal
138       >        >       62     greater        u003E     greater than
139       ?        ?       63     question       u003F     question mark
140       @        @       64     at             u0040     at
141       [        [       91     bracketleft    u005B     square bracket left
142       \        \       92     backslash      u005C     backslash
143       ]        ]       93     bracketright   u005D     square bracket right
144       ^        ^       94     circumflex     u02C6     modifier circumflex
145       ^        \(ha           asciicircum    u005E     circumflex accent
146       _        _       95     underscore     u005F     underscore
147       ‘        `       96     quoteleft      u2018     left quote
148       `        \(ga           grave          u0060     grave accent
149       {        {       123    braceleft      u007B     curly brace left
150       |        |       124    bar            u007C     bar
151       }        }       125    braceright     u007D     curly brace right
152       ˜        ~       126    tilde          u02DC     small tilde
153       ~        \(ti           asciitilde     u007E     tilde
154
155   8-bit Character Codes 160 to 255
156       They are interpreted as printable characters according  to  the  latin1
157       (ISO-8859-1)  code  set,  being  identical to the Unicode range Latin-1
158       Supplement.
159
160       Input characters in range 128-159 (on non-EBCDIC hosts) are not  print‐
161       able characters.
162
163       160    the ISO latin1 no-break space is mapped to ‘\~’, the stretchable
164              space character.
165
166       173    the soft hyphen control character.  groff never uses this  char‐
167              acter  for  output  (thus it is omitted in the table below); the
168              input character 173 is mapped onto ‘\%’.
169
170       The remaining ranges (161-172, 174-255) are printable  characters  that
171       print  as themselves.  Although they can be specified directly with the
172       keyboard on systems with a latin1 code page, it is better to use  their
173       glyph names; see the next section.
174
175       Output   Input   Code   PostScript       Unicode      Notes
176       ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
177       ¡        ¡       161    exclamdown       u00A1        inverted exclamation mark
178       ¢        ¢       162    cent             u00A2        currency unit
179       £        £       163    sterling         u00A3        pound sterling
180       ¤        ¤       164    currency         u00A4        generic currency symbol
181       ¥        ¥       165    yen              u00A5        Japanese currency symbol
182       ¦        ¦       166    brokenbar        u00A6        broken bar
183       §        §       167    section          u00A7        section sign
184       ¨        ¨       168    dieresis         u00A8        dieresis (umlaut)
185       ©        ©       169    copyright        u00A9        copyright symbol
186       ª        ª       170    ordfeminine      u00AA        feminine ordinal (Spanish)
187       «        «       171    guillemotleft    u00AB        left guillemet [sic]
188       ¬        ¬       172    logicalnot       u00AC        logical not
189       ®        ®       174    registered       u00AE        registered mark symbol
190       ¯        ¯       175    macron           u00AF        overbar accent
191       °        °       176    degree           u00B0        degree sign
192       ±        ±       177    plusminus        u00B1        plus-minus sign
193       ²        ²       178    twosuperior      u00B2        superscript 2
194       ³        ³       179    threesuperior    u00B3        superscript 3
195       ´        ´       180    acute            u00B4        acute accent
196       µ        µ       181    mu               u00B5        micro sign
197       ¶        ¶       182    paragraph        u00B6        end of paragraphs marker
198
199       ·        ·       183    periodcentered   u00B7        centered period
200       ¸        ¸       184    cedilla          u00B8        cedilla accent
201       ¹        ¹       185    onesuperior      u00B9        superscript 1
202       º        º       186    ordmasculine     u00BA        masculine ordinal (Spanish)
203       »        »       187    guillemotright   u00BB        right guillemet [sic]
204       ¼        ¼       188    onequarter       u00BC        1/4 symbol
205       ½        ½       189    onehalf          u00BD        1/2 symbol
206       ¾        ¾       190    threequarters    u00BE        3/4 symbol
207       ¿        ¿       191    questiondown     u00BF        inverted question mark
208       À        À       192    Agrave           u0041_0300   A grave
209       Á        Á       193    Aacute           u0041_0301   A acute
210       Â        Â       194    Acircumflex      u0041_0302   A circumflex
211       Ã        Ã       195    Atilde           u0041_0303   A tilde
212       Ä        Ä       196    Adieresis        u0041_0308   A dieresis (umlaut)
213       Å        Å       197    Aring            u0041_030A   A ring
214       Æ        Æ       198    AE               u00C6        A+E combined
215       Ç        Ç       199    Ccedilla         u0043_0327   C cedilla
216       È        È       200    Egrave           u0045_0300   E grave
217       É        É       201    Eacute           u0045_0301   E acute
218       Ê        Ê       202    Ecircumflex      u0045_0302   E circumflex
219       Ë        Ë       203    Edieresis        u0045_0308   E dieresis (umlaut)
220       Ì        Ì       204    Igrave           u0049_0300   I grave
221       Í        Í       205    Iacute           u0049_0301   I acute
222       Î        Î       206    Icircumflex      u0049_0302   I circumflex
223       Ï        Ï       207    Idieresis        u0049_0308   I dieresis
224       Ð        Ð       208    Eth              u00D0        E th
225       Ñ        Ñ       209    Ntilde           u004E_0303   N tilde
226       Ò        Ò       210    Ograve           u004F_0300   O grave
227       Ó        Ó       211    Oacute           u004F_0301   O acute
228       Ô        Ô       212    Ocircumflex      u004F_0302   O circumflex
229       Õ        Õ       213    Otilde           u004F_0303   O tilde
230       Ö        Ö       214    Odieresis        u004F_0308   O dieresis (umlaut)
231       ×        ×       215    multiply         u00D7        multiply
232       Ø        Ø       216    Oslash           u00D8        O slash
233       Ù        Ù       217    Ugrave           u0055_0300   U grave
234       Ú        Ú       218    Uacute           u0055_0301   U acute
235       Û        Û       219    Ucircumflex      u0055_0302   U circumflex
236       Ü        Ü       220    Udieresis        u0055_0308   U dieresis (umlaut)
237       Ý        Ý       221    Yacute           u0059_0301   Y acute
238       Þ        Þ       222    Thorn            u00DE        Thorn
239       ß        ß       223    germandbls       u00DF        German double s (sharp s)
240       à        à       224    agrave           u0061_0300   a grave
241       á        á       225    aacute           u0061_0301   a acute
242       â        â       226    acircumflex      u0061_0302   a circumflex
243       ã        ã       227    atilde           u0061_0303   a tilde
244       ä        ä       228    adieresis        u0061_0308   a dieresis (umlaut)
245       å        å       229    aring            u0061_030A   a ring
246       æ        æ       230    ae               u00E6        a+e combined
247       ç        ç       231    ccedilla         u0063_0327   c cedilla
248       è        è       232    egrave           u0065_0300   e grave
249       é        é       233    eacute           u0065_0301   e acute
250       ê        ê       234    ecircumflex      u0065_0302   e circumflex
251       ë        ë       235    edieresis        u0065_0308   e dieresis (umlaut)
252       ì        ì       236    igrave           u0069_0300   i grave
253       í        í       237    iacute           u0069_0301   i acute
254       î        î       238    icircumflex      u0069_0302   i circumflex
255       ï        ï       239    idieresis        u0069_0308   i dieresis (umlaut)
256       ð        ð       240    eth              u00F0        e th
257       ñ        ñ       241    ntilde           u006E_0303   n tilde
258       ò        ò       242    ograve           u006F_0300   o grave
259       ó        ó       243    oacute           u006F_0301   o acute
260       ô        ô       244    ocircumflex      u006F_0302   o circumflex
261       õ        õ       245    otilde           u006F_0303   o tilde
262       ö        ö       246    odieresis        u006F_0308   o dieresis (umlaut)
263       ÷        ÷       247    divide           u00F7        divide
264
265       ø        ø       248    oslash           u00F8        o slash
266       ù        ù       249    ugrave           u0075_0300   u grave
267       ú        ú       250    uacute           u0075_0301   u acute
268       û        û       251    ucircumflex      u0075_0302   u circumflex
269       ü        ü       252    udieresis        u0075_0308   u dieresis (umlaut)
270       ý        ý       253    yacute           u0079_0301   y acute
271       þ        þ       254    thorn            u00FE        thorn
272       ÿ        ÿ       255    ydieresis        u0079_0308   y dieresis (umlaut)
273
274   Named Glyphs
275       Glyph  names can be embedded into the document text by using escape se‐
276       quences.  groff(7) describes how these escape  sequences  look.   Glyph
277       names  can  consist  of  quite  arbitrary  characters from the ASCII or
278       latin1 code set, not only alphanumeric characters.  Here some examples:
279
280       \(ch   A glyph having the 2-character name ch.
281
282       \[char_name]
283              A glyph having the name char_name (having length 1, 2, 3,  ...).
284              Note  that ‘c’ is not the same as ‘\[c]’ (c a single character):
285              The latter is internally mapped to glyph name ‘\c’.  By default,
286              groff  defines  a  single  glyph name starting with a backslash,
287              namely ‘\-’, which can be either accessed as ‘\-’ or ‘\[-]’.
288
289       \[base_glyph composite_1 composite_2 ...]
290              A composite glyph; see below for a more detailed description.
291
292       In groff, each 8-bit input character can also referred to by  the  con‐
293       struct  ‘\[charn]’ where n is the decimal code of the character, a num‐
294       ber between 0 and 255 without leading zeros  (those  entities  are  not
295       glyph names).  They are normally mapped onto glyphs using the .trin re‐
296       quest.
297
298       Another special convention is the handling of  glyphs  with  names  di‐
299       rectly  derived  from  a Unicode code point; this is shown in the ‘Uni‐
300       code’ column of the table below.  In general, all glyphs not  having  a
301       name  as listed in this manual page can be accessed with the ‘\[uXXXX]’
302       construct.  Refer to section “Using Symbols” in Groff: The  GNU  Imple‐
303       mentation of troff, the groff Texinfo manual, which describes how groff
304       glyph names are constructed.
305
306       Moreover, new glyph names can be created  by  the  .char  request;  see
307       groff(7).
308
309       In  the following, a plus sign ‘+’ in the ‘Notes’ column indicates that
310       this particular glyph name appears in the PS version  of  the  original
311       troff documentation, CSTR 54.
312
313       Entries  marked  with  ‘***’  denote  glyphs  for mathematical purposes
314       (mainly used for DVI output).  Normally, such glyphs have metrics which
315       make them unusable in normal text.
316
317       Output   Input   PostScript   Unicode   Notes
318       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
319       Ð        \[-D]   Eth          u00D0     uppercase eth
320       ð        \[Sd]   eth          u00F0     lowercase eth
321       Þ        \[TP]   Thorn        u00DE     uppercase thorn
322       þ        \[Tp]   thorn        u00FE     lowercase thorn
323       ß        \[ss]   germandbls   u00DF     German double s (sharp s)
324
325       Ligatures and Other Latin Glyphs
326
327       Output   Input   PostScript   Unicode           Notes
328       ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
329       ff       \[ff]   ff           u0066_0066        ff ligature +
330
331       fi       \[fi]   fi           u0066_0069        fi ligature +
332       fl       \[fl]   fl           u0066_006C        fl ligature +
333       ffi      \[Fi]   ffi          u0066_0066_0069   ffi ligature +
334       ffl      \[Fl]   ffl          u0066_0066_006C   ffl ligature +
335       Ł        \[/L]   Lslash       u0141             L slash (Polish)
336       ł        \[/l]   lslash       u0142             l slash (Polish)
337       Ø        \[/O]   Oslash       u00D8             O slash (Scandinavian)
338       ø        \[/o]   oslash       u00F8             o slash (Scandinavian)
339       Æ        \[AE]   AE           u00C6             A+E combined
340       æ        \[ae]   ae           u00E6             a+e combined
341       Π       \[OE]   OE           u0152             O+E combined
342       œ        \[oe]   oe           u0153             o+e combined
343       IJ        \[IJ]   IJ           u0132             I+J combined (Dutch)
344       ij        \[ij]   ij           u0133             i+j combined(Dutch)
345       ı        \[.i]   dotlessi     u0131             i without a dot (Turkish)
346       ȷ        \[.j]   dotlessj     u0237             j without a dot
347
348       Accented Characters
349
350       Output   Input   PostScript    Unicode      Notes
351       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
352       Á        \['A]   Aacute        u0041_0301   A acute
353       Ć        \['C]   Cacute        u0043_0301   C acute
354       É        \['E]   Eacute        u0045_0301   E acute
355       Í        \['I]   Iacute        u0049_0301   I acute
356       Ó        \['O]   Oacute        u004F_0301   O acute
357       Ú        \['U]   Uacute        u0055_0301   U acute
358       Ý        \['Y]   Yacute        u0059_0301   Y acute
359       á        \['a]   aacute        u0061_0301   a acute
360       ć        \['c]   cacute        u0063_0301   c acute
361       é        \['e]   eacute        u0065_0301   e acute
362       í        \['i]   iacute        u0069_0301   i acute
363       ó        \['o]   oacute        u006F_0301   o acute
364       ú        \['u]   uacute        u0075_0301   u acute
365       ý        \['y]   yacute        u0079_0301   y acute
366       Ä        \[:A]   Adieresis     u0041_0308   A dieresis (umlaut)
367       Ë        \[:E]   Edieresis     u0045_0308   E dieresis (umlaut)
368       Ï        \[:I]   Idieresis     u0049_0308   I dieresis (umlaut)
369       Ö        \[:O]   Odieresis     u004F_0308   O dieresis (umlaut)
370       Ü        \[:U]   Udieresis     u0055_0308   U dieresis (umlaut)
371       Ÿ        \[:Y]   Ydieresis     u0059_0308   Y dieresis (umlaut)
372       ä        \[:a]   adieresis     u0061_0308   a dieresis (umlaut)
373       ë        \[:e]   edieresis     u0065_0308   e dieresis (umlaut)
374       ï        \[:i]   idieresis     u0069_0308   i dieresis (umlaut)
375       ö        \[:o]   odieresis     u006F_0308   o dieresis (umlaut)
376       ü        \[:u]   udieresis     u0075_0308   u dieresis (umlaut)
377       ÿ        \[:y]   ydieresis     u0079_0308   y dieresis (umlaut)
378       Â        \[^A]   Acircumflex   u0041_0302   A circumflex
379       Ê        \[^E]   Ecircumflex   u0045_0302   E circumflex
380       Î        \[^I]   Icircumflex   u0049_0302   I circumflex
381       Ô        \[^O]   Ocircumflex   u004F_0302   O circumflex
382       Û        \[^U]   Ucircumflex   u0055_0302   U circumflex
383       â        \[^a]   acircumflex   u0061_0302   a circumflex
384       ê        \[^e]   ecircumflex   u0065_0302   e circumflex
385       î        \[^i]   icircumflex   u0069_0302   i circumflex
386       ô        \[^o]   ocircumflex   u006F_0302   o circumflex
387       û        \[^u]   ucircumflex   u0075_0302   u circumflex
388       À        \[`A]   Agrave        u0041_0300   A grave
389       È        \[`E]   Egrave        u0045_0300   E grave
390       Ì        \[`I]   Igrave        u0049_0300   I grave
391       Ò        \[`O]   Ograve        u004F_0300   O grave
392       Ù        \[`U]   Ugrave        u0055_0300   U grave
393       à        \[`a]   agrave        u0061_0300   a grave
394       è        \[`e]   egrave        u0065_0300   e grave
395       ì        \[`i]   igrave        u0069_0300   i grave
396
397       ò        \[`o]   ograve        u006F_0300   o grave
398       ù        \[`u]   ugrave        u0075_0300   u grave
399       Ã        \[~A]   Atilde        u0041_0303   A tilde
400       Ñ        \[~N]   Ntilde        u004E_0303   N tilde
401       Õ        \[~O]   Otilde        u004F_0303   O tilde
402       ã        \[~a]   atilde        u0061_0303   a tilde
403       ñ        \[~n]   ntilde        u006E_0303   n tilde
404       õ        \[~o]   otilde        u006F_0303   o tilde
405       Š        \[vS]   Scaron        u0053_030C   S caron
406       š        \[vs]   scaron        u0073_030C   s caron
407       Ž        \[vZ]   Zcaron        u005A_030C   Z caron
408       ž        \[vz]   zcaron        u007A_030C   z caron
409       Ç        \[,C]   Ccedilla      u0043_0327   C cedilla
410       ç        \[,c]   ccedilla      u0063_0327   c cedilla
411       Å        \[oA]   Aring         u0041_030A   A ring
412       å        \[oa]   aring         u0061_030A   a ring
413
414       Accents
415
416       The composite request is used to map most of the accents to non-spacing
417       glyph names; the values given in parentheses are the original (spacing)
418       ones.
419
420       Output   Input   PostScript     Unicode         Notes
421       ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
422       ˝        \[a"]   hungarumlaut   u030B (u02DD)   Hungarian umlaut
423       ¯        \[a-]   macron         u0304 (u00AF)   overbar accent
424       ˙        \[a.]   dotaccent      u0307 (u02D9)   dot accent
425       ^        \[a^]   circumflex     u0302 (u005E)   circumflex accent
426       ´        \[aa]   acute          u0301 (u00B4)   acute accent +
427       `        \[ga]   grave          u0300 (u0060)   grave accent +
428       ˘        \[ab]   breve          u0306 (u02D8)   breve accent
429       ¸        \[ac]   cedilla        u0327 (u00B8)   cedilla accent
430       ¨        \[ad]   dieresis       u0308 (u00A8)   umlaut accent
431       ˇ        \[ah]   caron          u030C (u02C7)   caron accent
432       ˚        \[ao]   ring           u030A (u02DA)   small circle, ring accent
433       ~        \[a~]   tilde          u0303 (u007E)   tilde accent
434       ˛        \[ho]   ogonek         u0328 (u02DB)   hook accent
435       ^        \[ha]   asciicircum    u005E           high circumflex, ASCII
436                                                       character, in mathematics
437                                                       the power sign
438       ~        \[ti]   asciitilde     u007E           tilde in vertical middle,
439                                                       ASCII, in Unix-like the
440                                                       home directory
441
442       Quotes
443
444       Output   Input   PostScript       Unicode   Notes
445       ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
446       „        \[Bq]   quotedblbase     u201E     low double comma quote
447       ‚        \[bq]   quotesinglbase   u201A     low single comma quote
448       “        \[lq]   quotedblleft     u201C     left double quote
449       ”        \[rq]   quotedblright    u201D     right double quote
450       ‘        \[oq]   quoteleft        u2018     single open (left) quote
451       ’        \[cq]   quoteright       u2019     single closing (right) quote
452       '        \[aq]   quotesingle      u0027     apostrophe quote (ASCII 39)
453       "        \[dq]   quotedbl         u0022     double quote (ASCII 34)
454       «        \[Fo]   guillemotleft    u00AB     left guillemet [sic]
455       »        \[Fc]   guillemotright   u00BB     right guillemet [sic]
456       ‹        \[fo]   guilsinglleft    u2039     single left-pointing angle
457                                                   quotation mark
458       ›        \[fc]   guilsinglright   u203A     single right-pointing angle
459                                                   quotation mark
460
461       Punctuation
462
463       Output   Input   PostScript     Unicode   Notes
464       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
465       ¡        \[r!]   exclamdown     u00A1     inverted exclamation mark
466       ¿        \[r?]   questiondown   u00BF     inverted question mark
467       —        \[em]   emdash         u2014     em-dash symbol +
468       –        \[en]   endash         u2013     en-dash symbol
469       ‐        \[hy]   hyphen         u2010     hyphen symbol +
470
471       Brackets
472
473       The  extensible bracket pieces are font-invariant glyphs.  In classical
474       troff only one glyph  was  available  to  vertically  extend  brackets,
475       braces, and parentheses: ‘bv’.  We map it rather arbitrarily to u23AA.
476
477       Note  that  not all devices contain extensible bracket pieces which can
478       be piled up with ‘\b’ due to the restrictions of  the  escape's  piling
479       algorithm.   A  general solution to build brackets out of pieces is the
480       following macro:
481
482              .\" Make a pile centered vertically 0.5em
483              .\" above the baseline.
484              .\" The first argument is placed at the top.
485              .\" The pile is returned in string 'pile'
486              .eo
487              .de pile-make
488              .  nr pile-wd 0
489              .  nr pile-ht 0
490              .  ds pile-args
491              .
492              .  nr pile-# \n[.$]
493              .  while \n[pile-#] \{\
494              .    nr pile-wd (\n[pile-wd] >? \w'\$[\n[pile-#]]')
495              .    nr pile-ht +(\n[rst] - \n[rsb])
496              .    as pile-args \v'\n[rsb]u'\"
497              .    as pile-args \Z'\$[\n[pile-#]]'\"
498              .    as pile-args \v'-\n[rst]u'\"
499              .    nr pile-# -1
500              .  \}
501              .
502              .  ds pile \v'(-0.5m + (\n[pile-ht]u / 2u))'\"
503              .  as pile \*[pile-args]\"
504              .  as pile \v'((\n[pile-ht]u / 2u) + 0.5m)'\"
505              .  as pile \h'\n[pile-wd]u'\"
506              ..
507              .ec
508
509       Another complication is the  fact  that  some  glyphs  which  represent
510       bracket  pieces  in  original  troff can be used for other mathematical
511       symbols also, for example ‘lf’ and ‘rf’ which provide the ‘floor’ oper‐
512       ator.   Other  devices  (most  notably for DVI output) don't unify such
513       glyphs.  For this reason, the four glyphs ‘lf’, ‘rf’,  ‘lc’,  and  ‘rc’
514       are  not unified with similarly looking bracket pieces.  In groff, only
515       glyphs with long names are guaranteed to pile up correctly for all  de‐
516       vices (provided those glyphs exist).
517
518       Output   Input               PostScript       Unicode   Notes
519       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
520       [        \[lB]               bracketleft      u005B     left square
521                                                               bracket
522       ]        \[rB]               bracketright     u005D     right square
523                                                               bracket
524       {        \[lC]               braceleft        u007B     left curly
525                                                               brace
526       }        \[rC]               braceright       u007D     right curly
527                                                               brace
528
529       ⟨        \[la]               angleleft        u27E8     left angle
530                                                               bracket
531       ⟩        \[ra]               angleright       u27E9     right angle
532                                                               bracket
533
534       ⎪        \[bv]               braceex          u23AA     curly brace
535                                                               vertical exten‐
536                                                               sion *** +
537       ⎪        \[braceex]          braceex          u23AA     curly brace
538                                                               vertical exten‐
539                                                               sion
540
541       ⎡        \[bracketlefttp]    bracketlefttp    u23A1     left square
542                                                               bracket top
543       ⎣        \[bracketleftbt]    bracketleftbt    u23A3     left square
544                                                               bracket bottom
545       ⎢        \[bracketleftex]    bracketleftex    u23A2     left square
546                                                               bracket exten‐
547                                                               sion
548       ⎤        \[bracketrighttp]   bracketrighttp   u23A4     right square
549                                                               bracket top
550       ⎦        \[bracketrightbt]   bracketrightbt   u23A6     right square
551                                                               bracket bottom
552       ⎥        \[bracketrightex]   bracketrightex   u23A5     right square
553                                                               bracket exten‐
554                                                               sion
555
556       ⎧        \[lt]               bracelefttp      u23A7     left curly
557                                                               brace top +
558       ⎧        \[bracelefttp]      bracelefttp      u23A7     left curly
559                                                               brace top
560       ⎨        \[lk]               braceleftmid     u23A8     left curly
561                                                               brace middle +
562       ⎨        \[braceleftmid]     braceleftmid     u23A8     left curly
563                                                               brace middle
564       ⎩        \[lb]               braceleftbt      u23A9     left curly
565                                                               brace bottom +
566       ⎩        \[braceleftbt]      braceleftbt      u23A9     left curly
567                                                               brace bottom
568       ⎪        \[braceleftex]      braceleftex      u23AA     left curly
569                                                               brace extension
570       ⎫        \[rt]               bracerighttp     u23AB     right curly
571                                                               brace top +
572       ⎫        \[bracerighttp]     bracerighttp     u23AB     right curly
573                                                               brace top
574       ⎬        \[rk]               bracerightmid    u23AC     right curly
575                                                               brace middle +
576       ⎬        \[bracerightmid]    bracerightmid    u23AC     right curly
577                                                               brace middle
578       ⎭        \[rb]               bracerightbt     u23AD     right curly
579                                                               brace bottom +
580       ⎭        \[bracerightbt]     bracerightbt     u23AD     right curly
581                                                               brace bottom
582       ⎪        \[bracerightex]     bracerightex     u23AA     right curly
583                                                               brace extension
584       ⎛        \[parenlefttp]      parenlefttp      u239B     left parenthe‐
585                                                               sis top
586       ⎝        \[parenleftbt]      parenleftbt      u239D     left parenthe‐
587                                                               sis bottom
588       ⎜        \[parenleftex]      parenleftex      u239C     left parenthe‐
589                                                               sis extension
590       ⎞        \[parenrighttp]     parenrighttp     u239E     right parenthe‐
591                                                               sis top
592       ⎠        \[parenrightbt]     parenrightbt     u23A0     right parenthe‐
593                                                               sis bottoom
594
595       ⎟        \[parenrightex]     parenrightex     u239F     right parenthe‐
596                                                               sis extension
597
598       Arrows
599
600       Output   Input   PostScript      Unicode   Notes
601       ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
602       ←        \[<-]   arrowleft       u2190     horizontal arrow left +
603       →        \[->]   arrowright      u2192     horizontal arrow right +
604       ↔        \[<>]   arrowboth       u2194     horizontal arrow in both di‐
605                                                  rections
606       ↓        \[da]   arrowdown       u2193     vertical arrow down +
607       ↑        \[ua]   arrowup         u2191     vertical arrow up +
608       ↕        \[va]   arrowupdn       u2195     vertical arrow in both direc‐
609                                                  tions
610       ⇐        \[lA]   arrowdblleft    u21D0     horizontal double arrow left
611       ⇒        \[rA]   arrowdblright   u21D2     horizontal double arrow right
612       ⇔        \[hA]   arrowdblboth    u21D4     horizontal double arrow in
613                                                  both directions
614       ⇓        \[dA]   arrowdbldown    u21D3     vertical double arrow down
615       ⇑        \[uA]   arrowdblup      u21D1     vertical double arrow up
616       ⇕        \[vA]   uni21D5         u21D5     vertical double arrow in both
617                                                  directions
618       ⎯        \[an]   arrowhorizex    u23AF     horizontal arrow extension
619
620       Lines
621
622       The  font-invariant  glyphs ‘br’, ‘ul’, and ‘rn’ form corners; they can
623       be used to build boxes.  Note that both the PostScript and the Unicode-
624       derived names of these three glyphs are just rough approximations.
625
626       ‘rn’  also serves in classical troff as the horizontal extension of the
627       square root sign.
628
629       ‘ru’ is a font-invariant glyph, namely a rule of length 0.5m.
630
631       Output   Input   PostScript   Unicode   Notes
632       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
633       |        \[ba]   bar          u007C
634       │        \[br]   SF110000     u2502     box rule +
635       _        \[ul]   underscore   u005F     +
636       ‾        \[rn]   overline     u203E     +
637       _        \[ru]   ---          ---       baseline rule +
638       ¦        \[bb]   brokenbar    u00A6
639       /        \[sl]   slash        u002F     +
640       \        \[rs]   backslash    u005C     reverse solidus
641
642       Use ‘\[radicalex]’, not ‘\[overline]’, for continuation of square root.
643
644       Text markers
645
646       Output   Input   PostScript       Unicode   Notes
647       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
648       ○        \[ci]   circle           u25CB     +
649       •        \[bu]   bullet           u2022     +
650       ‡        \[dd]   daggerdbl        u2021     double dagger sign +
651       †        \[dg]   dagger           u2020     dagger +
652       ◊        \[lz]   lozenge          u25CA     lozenge, diamond, pound key
653       □        \[sq]   uni25A1          u25A1     white square +
654       ¶        \[ps]   paragraph        u00B6     end of paragraph marker
655       §        \[sc]   section          u00A7     section sign +
656       ☜        \[lh]   uni261C          u261C     hand pointing left +
657       ☞        \[rh]   a14              u261E     hand pointing right +
658       @        \[at]   at               u0040     at
659       #        \[sh]   numbersign       u0023     number sign
660
661       ↵        \[CR]   carriagereturn   u21B5     carriage return
662       ✓        \[OK]   a19              u2713     check mark, tick
663
664       Legal Symbols
665
666       Output   Input   PostScript   Unicode   Notes
667       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
668       ©        \[co]   copyright    u00A9     +
669       ®        \[rg]   registered   u00AE     +
670       ™        \[tm]   trademark    u2122
671                \[bs]   ---          ---       AT&T Bell Labs logo +
672
673       The Bell Labs logo is not supported in groff.
674
675       Currency symbols
676
677       Output   Input   PostScript   Unicode   Notes
678       ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
679       $        \[Do]   dollar       u0024     dollar
680       ¢        \[ct]   cent         u00A2     cent +
681       €        \[eu]   ---          u20AC     official Euro symbol
682       €        \[Eu]   Euro         u20AC     font-specific Euro glyph variant
683       ¥        \[Ye]   yen          u00A5     Japanese Yen
684       £        \[Po]   sterling     u00A3     pound sterling (British)
685       ¤        \[Cs]   currency     u00A4     Scandinavian currency sign
686       ƒ        \[Fn]   florin       u0192     Dutch currency sign
687
688       Units
689
690       Output   Input   PostScript     Unicode   Notes
691       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
692       °        \[de]   degree         u00B0     degree +
693       ‰        \[%0]   perthousand    u2030     per thousand, per mille sign
694       ′        \[fm]   minute         u2032     arc minute sign +
695       ″        \[sd]   second         u2033     acr second sign
696       µ        \[mc]   mu             u00B5     mu, micro sign
697       ª        \[Of]   ordfeminine    u00AA     feminine ordinal (Spanish)
698       º        \[Om]   ordmasculine   u00BA     masculine ordinal (Spanish)
699
700       Logical Symbols
701
702       Output   Input    PostScript    Unicode   Notes
703       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
704       ∧        \[AN]    logicaland    u2227     logical and
705       ∨        \[OR]    logicalor     u2228     logical or
706       ¬        \[no]    logicalnot    u00AC     logical not + ***
707       ¬        \[tno]   logicalnot    u00AC     text variant of ‘no’
708       ∃        \[te]    existential   u2203     there exists
709       ∀        \[fa]    universal     u2200     for all
710       ∋        \[st]    suchthat      u220B     sucht that
711       ∴        \[3d]    therefore     u2234     therefore
712       ∴        \[tf]    therefore     u2234     therefore
713       |        \[or]    bar           u007C     bitwise OR operator (as used
714                                                 in C) +
715
716       Mathematical Symbols
717
718       Output   Input          PostScript       Unicode      Notes
719       ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
720       ½        \[12]          onehalf          u00BD        1/2 symbol +
721       ¼        \[14]          onequarter       u00BC        1/4 symbol +
722       ¾        \[34]          threequarters    u00BE        3/4 symbol +
723       ⅛        \[18]          oneeighth        u215B        1/8 symbol
724       ⅜        \[38]          threeeighths     u215C        3/8 symbol
725       ⅝        \[58]          fiveeighths      u215D        5/8 symbol
726
727       ⅞        \[78]          seveneighths     u215E        7/8 symbol
728       ¹        \[S1]          onesuperior      u00B9        superscript 1
729       ²        \[S2]          twosuperior      u00B2        superscript 2
730       ³        \[S3]          threesuperior    u00B3        superscript 3
731
732       +        \[pl]          plus             u002B        plus in special font +
733       −        \[mi]          minus            u2212        minus in special font +
734       ∓        \[-+]          uni2213          u2213        minus-plus
735       ±        \[+-]          plusminus        u00B1        plus-minus + ***
736       ±        \[t+-]         plusminus        u00B1        text variant of \[+-]
737       ·        \[pc]          periodcentered   u00B7        period centered
738       ⋅        \[md]          dotmath          u22C5        multiplication dot
739       ×        \[mu]          multiply         u00D7        multiply sign + ***
740       ×        \[tmu]         multiply         u00D7        text variant of \[mu]
741       ⊗        \[c*]          circlemultiply   u2297        multiply sign in circle
742       ⊕        \[c+]          circleplus       u2295        plus sign in circle
743       ÷        \[di]          divide           u00F7        division sign + ***
744       ÷        \[tdi]         divide           u00F7        text variant of \[di]
745       ⁄        \[f/]          fraction         u2044        bar for fractions
746       ∗        \[**]          asteriskmath     u2217        mathematical asterisk +
747
748       ≤        \[<=]          lessequal        u2264        less or equal +
749       ≥        \[>=]          greaterequal     u2265        greater or equal +
750       ≪        \[<<]          uni226A          u226A        much less
751       ≫        \[>>]          uni226B          u226B        much greater
752       =        \[eq]          equal            u003D        equals in special font +
753       ≠        \[!=]          notequal         u003D_0338   not equal +
754       ≡        \[==]          equivalence      u2261        equivalent +
755       ≢        \[ne]          uni2262          u2261_0338   not equivalent
756       ≅        \[=~]          congruent        u2245        congruent, approx. equal
757       ≃        \[|=]          uni2243          u2243        asymptot. equal to +
758       ∼        \[ap]          similar          u223C        similar +
759       ≈        \[~~]          approxequal      u2248        almost equal to
760       ≈        \[~=]          approxequal      u2248        almost equal to
761       ∝        \[pt]          proportional     u221D        proportional +
762
763       ∅        \[es]          emptyset         u2205        empty set +
764       ∈        \[mo]          element          u2208        element of a set +
765       ∉        \[nm]          notelement       u2208_0338   not element of set
766       ⊂        \[sb]          propersubset     u2282        proper subset +
767       ⊄        \[nb]          notsubset        u2282_0338   not supset
768       ⊃        \[sp]          propersuperset   u2283        proper superset +
769       ⊅        \[nc]          uni2285          u2283_0338   not superset
770       ⊆        \[ib]          reflexsubset     u2286        subset or equal +
771       ⊇        \[ip]          reflexsuperset   u2287        superset or equal +
772       ∩        \[ca]          intersection     u2229        intersection, cap +
773       ∪        \[cu]          union            u222A        union, cup +
774
775       ∠        \[/_]          angle            u2220        angle
776       ⊥        \[pp]          perpendicular    u22A5        perpendicular
777       ∫        \[is]          integral         u222B        integral +
778       ∫        \[integral]    integral         u222B        integral ***
779       ∑        \[sum]         summation        u2211        summation ***
780       ∏        \[product]     product          u220F        product ***
781       ∐        \[coproduct]   uni2210          u2210        coproduct ***
782       ∇        \[gr]          gradient         u2207        gradient +
783       √        \[sr]          radical          u221A        square root +
784       √        \[sqrt]        radical          u221A        square root
785                \[radicalex]   radicalex        ---          square root continuation
786                                                             ***
787                \[sqrtex]      radicalex        ---          square root continuation
788                                                             ***
789
790       ⌈        \[lc]          uni2308          u2308        left ceiling +
791       ⌉        \[rc]          uni2309          u2309        right ceiling +
792
793       ⌊        \[lf]          uni230A          u230A        left floor +
794       ⌋        \[rf]          uni230B          u230B        right floor +
795
796       ∞        \[if]          infinity         u221E        infinity +
797       ℵ        \[Ah]          aleph            u2135        aleph
798       ℑ        \[Im]          Ifraktur         u2111        Gothic I, imaginary
799       ℜ        \[Re]          Rfraktur         u211C        Gothic R, real
800       ℘        \[wp]          weierstrass      u2118        Weierstrass p
801       ∂        \[pd]          partialdiff      u2202        partial differentiation
802                                                             +
803       ℏ        \[-h]          uni210F          u210F        Planck constant / 2pi
804                                                             (h-bar)
805       ℏ        \[hbar]        uni210F          u210F        Planck constant / 2pi
806                                                             (h-bar)
807
808       Greek glyphs
809
810       These glyphs are intended for technical use, not for real  Greek;  nor‐
811       mally, the uppercase letters have upright shape, and the lowercase ones
812       are slanted.  There is a problem with the mapping of letter phi to Uni‐
813       code.   Prior  to  Unicode  version 3.0, the difference between U+03C6,
814       GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI, and U+03D5, GREEK PHI SYMBOL, was  not  clearly
815       described; only the glyph shapes in the Unicode book could be used as a
816       reference.  Starting with Unicode 3.0, the reference glyphs  have  been
817       exchanged  and described verbally also: In mathematical context, U+03D5
818       is the stroked variant and U+03C6 the curly glyph.  Unfortunately, most
819       font vendors didn't update their fonts to this (incompatible) change in
820       Unicode.  At the time of this writing (January 2006), it is  not  clear
821       yet  whether  the  Adobe  Glyph  Names ‘phi’ and ‘phi1’ also change its
822       meaning if used for mathematics, thus compatibility problems are likely
823       to happen – being conservative, groff currently assumes that ‘phi’ in a
824       PostScript symbol font is the stroked version.
825
826       In groff, symbol ‘\[*f]’ always denotes the stroked version of phi, and
827       ‘\[+f]’ the curly variant.
828
829       Output   Input   PostScript   Unicode   Notes
830       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
831       Α        \[*A]   Alpha        u0391     +
832       Β        \[*B]   Beta         u0392     +
833       Γ        \[*G]   Gamma        u0393     +
834       Δ        \[*D]   Delta        u0394     +
835       Ε        \[*E]   Epsilon      u0395     +
836       Ζ        \[*Z]   Zeta         u0396     +
837       Η        \[*Y]   Eta          u0397     +
838       Θ        \[*H]   Theta        u0398     +
839       Ι        \[*I]   Iota         u0399     +
840       Κ        \[*K]   Kappa        u039A     +
841       Λ        \[*L]   Lambda       u039B     +
842       Μ        \[*M]   Mu           u039C     +
843       Ν        \[*N]   Nu           u039D     +
844       Ξ        \[*C]   Xi           u039E     +
845       Ο        \[*O]   Omicron      u039F     +
846       Π        \[*P]   Pi           u03A0     +
847       Ρ        \[*R]   Rho          u03A1     +
848       Σ        \[*S]   Sigma        u03A3     +
849       Τ        \[*T]   Tau          u03A4     +
850       Υ        \[*U]   Upsilon      u03A5     +
851       Φ        \[*F]   Phi          u03A6     +
852       Χ        \[*X]   Chi          u03A7     +
853       Ψ        \[*Q]   Psi          u03A8     +
854       Ω        \[*W]   Omega        u03A9     +
855       α        \[*a]   alpha        u03B1     +
856       β        \[*b]   beta         u03B2     +
857       γ        \[*g]   gamma        u03B3     +
858
859       δ        \[*d]   delta        u03B4     +
860       ε        \[*e]   epsilon      u03B5     +
861       ζ        \[*z]   zeta         u03B6     +
862       η        \[*y]   eta          u03B7     +
863       θ        \[*h]   theta        u03B8     +
864       ι        \[*i]   iota         u03B9     +
865       κ        \[*k]   kappa        u03BA     +
866       λ        \[*l]   lambda       u03BB     +
867       μ        \[*m]   mu           u03BC     +
868       ν        \[*n]   nu           u03BD     +
869       ξ        \[*c]   xi           u03BE     +
870       ο        \[*o]   omicron      u03BF     +
871       π        \[*p]   pi           u03C0     +
872       ρ        \[*r]   rho          u03C1     +
873       ς        \[ts]   sigma1       u03C2     terminal sigma +
874       σ        \[*s]   sigma        u03C3     +
875       τ        \[*t]   tau          u03C4     +
876       υ        \[*u]   upsilon      u03C5     +
877       ϕ        \[*f]   phi          u03D5     (stroked glyph) +
878       χ        \[*x]   chi          u03C7     +
879       ψ        \[*q]   psi          u03C8     +
880       ω        \[*w]   omega        u03C9     +
881       ϑ        \[+h]   theta1       u03D1     variant theta
882       φ        \[+f]   phi1         u03C6     variant phi (curly shape)
883       ϖ        \[+p]   omega1       u03D6     variant pi, looking like omega
884       ϵ        \[+e]   uni03F5      u03F5     variant epsilon
885
886       Card symbols
887
888       Output   Input      PostScript   Unicode   Notes
889       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
890       ♣        \[CL]      club         u2663     black club suit
891       ♠        \[SP]      spade        u2660     black spade suit
892       ♥        \[HE]      heart        u2665     black heart suit
893       ♡        \[u2661]   uni2661      u2661     white heart suit
894       ♦        \[DI]      diamond      u2666     black diamond suit
895       ♢        \[u2662]   uni2662      u2662     white diamond suit
896

AUTHORS

898       This  document  was written by James Clark ⟨jjc@jclark.com⟩, with addi‐
899       tions   by   Werner   Lemberg    ⟨wl@gnu.org⟩    and    Bernd    Warken
900       ⟨groff-bernd.warken-72@web.de⟩,  and revised to use real tables by Eric
901       S. Raymond ⟨esr@thyrsus.com⟩.
902

SEE ALSO

904       Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, by Trent A. Fisher  and  Werner
905       Lemberg,  is  the primary groff manual.  Section “Using Symbols” may be
906       of particular  note.   You  can  browse  it  interactively  with  “info
907       '(groff)Using Symbols'”.
908
909       groff(1)
910              the GNU roff formatter
911
912       groff(7)
913              a short reference of the groff formatting language
914
915       An  extension  to the troff character set for Europe, E.G. Keizer, K.J.
916       Simonsen, J. Akkerhuis; EUUG Newsletter, Volume 9, No. 2, Summer 1989
917
918       The Unicode Standard ⟨http://www.unicode.org
919
920
921
922groff 1.22.4                     21 July 2022                    GROFF_CHAR(7)
Impressum