1LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
2
6 ls - list directory contents
7
9 ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
10
12 List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
13 Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
14 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
16 too.
17 -a, --all
19 do not ignore entries starting with .
20 -A, --almost-all
22 do not list implied . and ..
23 --author
25 with -l, print the author of each file
26 -b, --escape
28 print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
29 --block-size=SIZE
31 use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below
32 -B, --ignore-backups
34 do not list implied entries ending with ~
35 -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
37 file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name
38 otherwise: sort by ctime
39 -C list entries by columns
41 --color[=WHEN]
43 colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be
44 `never' or `auto'. More info below
45 -d, --directory
47 list directory entries instead of contents, and do not derefer‐
48 ence symbolic links
49 -D, --dired
51 generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
52 -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
54 -F, --classify
56 append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
57 --file-type
59 likewise, except do not append `*'
60 --format=WORD
62 across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1,
63 verbose -l, vertical -C
64 --full-time
66 like -l --time-style=full-iso
67 -g like -l, but do not list owner
69 --group-directories-first
71 group directories before files.
72 augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U)
74 disables grouping
75 -G, --no-group
77 in a long listing, don't print group names
78 -h, --human-readable
80 with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
81 --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
83 -H, --dereference-command-line
85 follow symbolic links listed on the command line
86 --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
88 follow each command line symbolic link that points to a direc‐
89 tory
90 --hide=PATTERN
92 do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden
93 by -a or -A)
94 --indicator-style=WORD
96 append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
97 slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
98 -i, --inode
100 print the index number of each file
101 -I, --ignore=PATTERN
103 do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
104 -k like --block-size=1K
106 -l use a long listing format
108 -L, --dereference
110 when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa‐
111 tion for the file the link references rather than for the link
112 itself
113 -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
115 -n, --numeric-uid-gid
117 like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
118 -N, --literal
120 print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters spe‐
121 cially)
122 -o like -l, but do not list group information
124 -p, --indicator-style=slash
126 append / indicator to directories
127 -q, --hide-control-chars
129 print ? instead of non graphic characters
130 --show-control-chars
132 show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is
133 `ls' and output is a terminal)
134 -Q, --quote-name
136 enclose entry names in double quotes
137 --quoting-style=WORD
139 use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
140 shell-always, c, escape
141 -r, --reverse
143 reverse order while sorting
144 -R, --recursive
146 list subdirectories recursively
147 -s, --size
149 print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
150 -S sort by file size
152 --sort=WORD
154 sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S,
155 time -t, version -v
156 --time=WORD
158 with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime
159 -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified
160 time as sort key if --sort=time
161 --time-style=STYLE
163 with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso,
164 locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT
165 is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
166 and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-',
167 STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
168 -t sort by modification time
170 -T, --tabsize=COLS
172 assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
173 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access
175 time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
176 -U do not sort; list entries in directory order
178 -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
180 -w, --width=COLS
182 assume screen width instead of current value
183 -x list entries by lines instead of by columns
185 -X sort alphabetically by entry extension
187 -1 list one file per line
189 SELinux options:
191 --lcontext
193 Display security context. Enable -l. Lines will probably be
194 too wide for most displays.
195 -Z, --context
197 Display security context so it fits on most displays. Displays
198 only mode, user, group, security context and file name.
199 --scontext
201 Display only security context and file name.
202 --help display this help and exit
204 --version
206 output version information and exit
207 SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of fol‐
209 lowing: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T,
210 P, E, Z, Y.
211 Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
213 with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
214 standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
215 variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
216 Exit status:
218 0 if OK,
219 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
221 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
223
225 Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
226
228 Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
229 GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
230 General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
231 Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
232
234 Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU
235 GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
236 This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
237 There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
238
240 The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If
241 the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com‐
242 mand
243 info coreutils 'ls invocation'
245 should give you access to the complete manual.
247GNU coreutils 8.4 June 2018 LS(1)