1PERLEBCDIC(1)          Perl Programmers Reference Guide          PERLEBCDIC(1)
2
3
4

NAME

6       perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
7

DESCRIPTION

9       An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers on EBCDIC
10       based computers.
11
12       Portions of this document that are still incomplete are marked with
13       XXX.
14
15       Early Perl versions worked on some EBCDIC machines, but the last known
16       version that ran on EBCDIC was v5.8.7, until v5.22, when the Perl core
17       again works on z/OS.  Theoretically, it could work on OS/400 or
18       Siemens' BS2000  (or their successors), but this is untested.  In v5.22
19       and 5.24, not all the modules found on CPAN but shipped with core Perl
20       work on z/OS.
21
22       If you want to use Perl on a non-z/OS EBCDIC machine, please let us
23       know by sending mail to perlbug@perl.org
24
25       Writing Perl on an EBCDIC platform is really no different than writing
26       on an "ASCII" one, but with different underlying numbers, as we'll see
27       shortly.  You'll have to know something about those "ASCII" platforms
28       because the documentation is biased and will frequently use example
29       numbers that don't apply to EBCDIC.  There are also very few CPAN
30       modules that are written for EBCDIC and which don't work on ASCII;
31       instead the vast majority of CPAN modules are written for ASCII, and
32       some may happen to work on EBCDIC, while a few have been designed to
33       portably work on both.
34
35       If your code just uses the 52 letters A-Z and a-z, plus SPACE, the
36       digits 0-9, and the punctuation characters that Perl uses, plus a few
37       controls that are denoted by escape sequences like "\n" and "\t", then
38       there's nothing special about using Perl, and your code may very well
39       work on an ASCII machine without change.
40
41       But if you write code that uses "\005" to mean a TAB or "\xC1" to mean
42       an "A", or "\xDF" to mean a "ye" (small "y" with a diaeresis), then
43       your code may well work on your EBCDIC platform, but not on an ASCII
44       one.  That's fine to do if no one will ever want to run your code on an
45       ASCII platform; but the bias in this document will be towards writing
46       code portable between EBCDIC and ASCII systems.  Again, if every
47       character you care about is easily enterable from your keyboard, you
48       don't have to know anything about ASCII, but many keyboards don't
49       easily allow you to directly enter, say, the character "\xDF", so you
50       have to specify it indirectly, such as by using the "\xDF" escape
51       sequence.  In those cases it's easiest to know something about the
52       ASCII/Unicode character sets.  If you know that the small "ye" is
53       "U+00FF", then you can instead specify it as "\N{U+FF}", and have the
54       computer automatically translate it to "\xDF" on your platform, and
55       leave it as "\xFF" on ASCII ones.  Or you could specify it by name,
56       "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS" and not have to know the
57       numbers.  Either way works, but both require familiarity with Unicode.
58

COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS

60   ASCII
61       The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII or US-
62       ASCII) is a set of integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that have
63       standardized interpretations by the computers which use ASCII.  For
64       example, 65 means the letter "A".  The range 0..127 can be covered by
65       setting various bits in a 7-bit binary digit, hence the set is
66       sometimes referred to as "7-bit ASCII".  ASCII was described by the
67       American National Standards Institute document ANSI X3.4-1986.  It was
68       also described by ISO 646:1991 (with localization for currency
69       symbols).  The full ASCII set is given in the table below as the first
70       128 elements.  Languages that can be written adequately with the
71       characters in ASCII include English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and
72       some Native American languages.
73
74       Most non-EBCDIC character sets are supersets of ASCII.  That is the
75       integers 0-127 mean what ASCII says they mean.  But integers 128 and
76       above are specific to the character set.
77
78       Many of these fit entirely into 8 bits, using ASCII as 0-127, while
79       specifying what 128-255 mean, and not using anything above 255.  Thus,
80       these are single-byte (or octet if you prefer) character sets.  One
81       important one (since Unicode is a superset of it) is the ISO 8859-1
82       character set.
83
84   ISO 8859
85       The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the
86       International Organization for Standardization (ISO), each of which
87       adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in various
88       languages, many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
89       Most are for European languages, but there are also ones for Arabic,
90       Greek, Hebrew, and Thai.  There are good references on the web about
91       all these.
92
93   Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
94       A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute
95       accented Latin characters.  Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1
96       include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans,
97       Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian,
98       Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish.  Dutch is covered albeit without the
99       ij ligature.  French is covered too but without the oe ligature.
100       German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style quotation
101       marks.  This set is based on Western European extensions to ASCII and
102       is commonly encountered in world wide web work.  In IBM character code
103       set identification terminology, ISO 8859-1 is also known as CCSID 819
104       (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).
105
106   EBCDIC
107       The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a large
108       collection of single- and multi-byte coded character sets that are
109       quite different from ASCII and ISO 8859-1, and are all slightly
110       different from each other; they typically run on host computers.  The
111       EBCDIC encodings derive from 8-bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched
112       card encodings, which long predate ASCII.  The layout on the cards was
113       such that high bits were set for the upper and lower case alphabetic
114       characters "[a-z]" and "[A-Z]", but there were gaps within each Latin
115       alphabet range, visible in the table below.  These gaps can cause
116       complications.
117
118       Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set
119       identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers.
120
121       Perl can be compiled on platforms that run any of three commonly used
122       EBCDIC character sets, listed below.
123
124       The 13 variant characters
125
126       Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that are
127       often mapped to different integer values.  Those characters are known
128       as the 13 "variant" characters and are:
129
130           \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `
131
132       When Perl is compiled for a platform, it looks at all of these
133       characters to guess which EBCDIC character set the platform uses, and
134       adapts itself accordingly to that platform.  If the platform uses a
135       character set that is not one of the three Perl knows about, Perl will
136       either fail to compile, or mistakenly and silently choose one of the
137       three.
138
139       EBCDIC code sets recognized by Perl
140
141       0037
142           Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1
143           characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set.  0037 is used in
144           North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system that
145           runs on AS/400 computers.  CCSID 0037 differs from ISO 8859-1 in
146           236 places; in other words they agree on only 20 code point values.
147
148       1047
149           Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus
150           Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set.  1047 is
151           used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition
152           for VM/ESA.  CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places,
153           and from ISO 8859-1 in 236.
154
155       POSIX-BC
156           The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct
157           from 1047 and 0037.  It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.
158           Like 0037 and 1047, it is the same as ISO 8859-1 in 20 code point
159           values.
160
161   Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points
162       In Unicode terminology a code point is the number assigned to a
163       character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned
164       the number 193.  In Unicode, the character "A" is assigned the number
165       65.  All the code points in ASCII and Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) have the
166       same meaning in Unicode.  All three of the recognized EBCDIC code sets
167       have 256 code points, and in each code set, all 256 code points are
168       mapped to equivalent Latin1 code points.  Obviously, "A" will map to
169       "A", "B" => "B", "%" => "%", etc., for all printable characters in
170       Latin1 and these code pages.
171
172       It also turns out that EBCDIC has nearly precise equivalents for the
173       ASCII/Latin1 C0 controls and the DELETE control.  (The C0 controls are
174       those whose ASCII code points are 0..0x1F; things like TAB, ACK, BEL,
175       etc.)  A mapping is set up between these ASCII/EBCDIC controls.  There
176       isn't such a precise mapping between the C1 controls on ASCII platforms
177       and the remaining EBCDIC controls.  What has been done is to map these
178       controls, mostly arbitrarily, to some otherwise unmatched character in
179       the other character set.  Most of these are very very rarely used
180       nowadays in EBCDIC anyway, and their names have been dropped, without
181       much complaint.  For example the EO (Eight Ones) EBCDIC control
182       (consisting of eight one bits = 0xFF) is mapped to the C1 APC control
183       (0x9F), and you can't use the name "EO".
184
185       The EBCDIC controls provide three possible line terminator characters,
186       CR (0x0D), LF (0x25), and NL (0x15).  On ASCII platforms, the symbols
187       "NL" and "LF" refer to the same character, but in strict EBCDIC
188       terminology they are different ones.  The EBCDIC NL is mapped to the C1
189       control called "NEL" ("Next Line"; here's a case where the mapping
190       makes quite a bit of sense, and hence isn't just arbitrary).  On some
191       EBCDIC platforms, this NL or NEL is the typical line terminator.  This
192       is true of z/OS and BS2000.  In these platforms, the C compilers will
193       swap the LF and NEL code points, so that "\n" is 0x15, and refers to
194       NL.  Perl does that too; you can see it in the code chart below.  This
195       makes things generally "just work" without you even having to be aware
196       that there is a swap.
197
198   Unicode and UTF
199       UTF stands for "Unicode Transformation Format".  UTF-8 is an encoding
200       of Unicode into a sequence of 8-bit byte chunks, based on ASCII and
201       Latin-1.  The length of a sequence required to represent a Unicode code
202       point depends on the ordinal number of that code point, with larger
203       numbers requiring more bytes.  UTF-EBCDIC is like UTF-8, but based on
204       EBCDIC.  They are enough alike that often, casual usage will conflate
205       the two terms, and use "UTF-8" to mean both the UTF-8 found on ASCII
206       platforms, and the UTF-EBCDIC found on EBCDIC ones.
207
208       You may see the term "invariant" character or code point.  This simply
209       means that the character has the same numeric value and representation
210       when encoded in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) as when not.  (Note that this is
211       a very different concept from "The 13 variant characters" mentioned
212       above.  Careful prose will use the term "UTF-8 invariant" instead of
213       just "invariant", but most often you'll see just "invariant".) For
214       example, the ordinal value of "A" is 193 in most EBCDIC code pages, and
215       also is 193 when encoded in UTF-EBCDIC.  All UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC)
216       variant code points occupy at least two bytes when encoded in UTF-8 (or
217       UTF-EBCDIC); by definition, the UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) invariant code
218       points are exactly one byte whether encoded in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC),
219       or not.  (By now you see why people typically just say "UTF-8" when
220       they also mean "UTF-EBCDIC".  For the rest of this document, we'll
221       mostly be casual about it too.)  In ASCII UTF-8, the code points
222       corresponding to the lowest 128 ordinal numbers (0 - 127: the ASCII
223       characters) are invariant.  In UTF-EBCDIC, there are 160 invariant
224       characters.  (If you care, the EBCDIC invariants are those characters
225       which have ASCII equivalents, plus those that correspond to the C1
226       controls (128 - 159 on ASCII platforms).)
227
228       A string encoded in UTF-EBCDIC may be longer (very rarely shorter) than
229       one encoded in UTF-8.  Perl extends both UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC so that
230       they can encode code points above the Unicode maximum of U+10FFFF.
231       Both extensions are constructed to allow encoding of any code point
232       that fits in a 64-bit word.
233
234       UTF-EBCDIC is defined by Unicode Technical Report #16
235       <http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr16> (often referred to as just TR16).
236       It is defined based on CCSID 1047, not allowing for the differences for
237       other code pages.  This allows for easy interchange of text between
238       computers running different code pages, but makes it unusable, without
239       adaptation, for Perl on those other code pages.
240
241       The reason for this unusability is that a fundamental assumption of
242       Perl is that the characters it cares about for parsing and lexical
243       analysis are the same whether or not the text is in UTF-8.  For
244       example, Perl expects the character "[" to have the same
245       representation, no matter if the string containing it (or program text)
246       is UTF-8 encoded or not.  To ensure this, Perl adapts UTF-EBCDIC to the
247       particular code page so that all characters it expects to be UTF-8
248       invariant are in fact UTF-8 invariant.  This means that text generated
249       on a computer running one version of Perl's UTF-EBCDIC has to be
250       translated to be intelligible to a computer running another.
251
252       TR16 implies a method to extend UTF-EBCDIC to encode points up through
253       "2 ** 31 - 1".  Perl uses this method for code points up through
254       "2 ** 30 - 1", but uses an incompatible method for larger ones, to
255       enable it to handle much larger code points than otherwise.
256
257   Using Encode
258       Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard module Encode to
259       translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points.  Encode knows about more
260       EBCDIC character sets than Perl can currently be compiled to run on.
261
262          use Encode 'from_to';
263
264          my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
265
266          # $a is in EBCDIC code points
267          from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1');
268          # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
269
270       and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points
271
272          use Encode 'from_to';
273
274          my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
275
276          # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
277          from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'});
278          # $a is in EBCDIC code points
279
280       For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features
281       of PerlIO, see perluniintro.
282
283       Since version 5.8 Perl uses the PerlIO I/O library.  This enables you
284       to use different encodings per IO channel.  For example you may use
285
286           use Encode;
287           open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii");
288           print $f "Hello World!\n";
289           open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic");
290           print $f "Hello World!\n";
291           open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1");
292           print $f "Hello World!\n";
293           open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8");
294           print $f "Hello World!\n";
295
296       to get four files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 0037 EBCDIC,
297       ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII since only
298       ASCII characters were printed), and UTF-EBCDIC (in this example
299       identical to normal EBCDIC since only characters that don't differ
300       between EBCDIC and UTF-EBCDIC were printed).  See the documentation of
301       Encode::PerlIO for details.
302
303       As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally
304       ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC).
305

SINGLE OCTET TABLES

307       The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including
308       the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f),
309       C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff).  In the
310       table names of the Latin 1 extensions to ASCII have been labelled with
311       character names roughly corresponding to The Unicode Standard, Version
312       6.1 albeit with substitutions such as "s/LATIN//" and "s/VULGAR//" in
313       all cases; "s/CAPITAL LETTER//" in some cases; and
314       "s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/" in some other cases.  Controls are
315       listed using their Unicode 6.2 abbreviations.  The differences between
316       the 0037 and 1047 sets are flagged with "**".  The differences between
317       the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets are flagged with "##."  All "ord()" numbers
318       listed are decimal.  If you would rather see this table listing octal
319       values, then run the table (that is, the pod source text of this
320       document, since this recipe may not work with a pod2_other_format
321       translation) through:
322
323       recipe 0
324
325           perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
326            -e '{printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \
327            perlebcdic.pod
328
329       If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you
330       might want to write:
331
332       recipe 1
333
334        open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
335        while (<FH>) {
336            if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)
337                                                            \s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/x)
338            {
339                if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
340                    printf(
341                       "%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%.03o\n",
342                                                   $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
343                }
344                elsif ($7 ne '') {
345                    printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%.03o\n",
346                                                  $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
347                }
348                else {
349                    printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n",
350                                                       $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
351                }
352            }
353        }
354
355       If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then run
356       the table through:
357
358       recipe 2
359
360           perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
361            -e '{printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%.02X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \
362            perlebcdic.pod
363
364       Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:
365
366       recipe 3
367
368        open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
369        while (<FH>) {
370            if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)
371                                                            \s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/x)
372            {
373                if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
374                    printf(
375                       "%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X.%02X\n",
376                                                  $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
377                }
378                elsif ($7 ne '') {
379                    printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X\n",
380                                                     $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
381                }
382                else {
383                    printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%02X\n",
384                                                         $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
385                }
386            }
387        }
388
389
390                                 ISO
391                                8859-1             POS-         CCSID
392                                CCSID  CCSID CCSID IX-          1047
393         chr                     0819   0037 1047  BC  UTF-8  UTF-EBCDIC
394        ---------------------------------------------------------------------
395        <NUL>                       0    0    0    0    0        0
396        <SOH>                       1    1    1    1    1        1
397        <STX>                       2    2    2    2    2        2
398        <ETX>                       3    3    3    3    3        3
399        <EOT>                       4    55   55   55   4        55
400        <ENQ>                       5    45   45   45   5        45
401        <ACK>                       6    46   46   46   6        46
402        <BEL>                       7    47   47   47   7        47
403        <BS>                        8    22   22   22   8        22
404        <HT>                        9    5    5    5    9        5
405        <LF>                        10   37   21   21   10       21  **
406        <VT>                        11   11   11   11   11       11
407        <FF>                        12   12   12   12   12       12
408        <CR>                        13   13   13   13   13       13
409        <SO>                        14   14   14   14   14       14
410        <SI>                        15   15   15   15   15       15
411        <DLE>                       16   16   16   16   16       16
412        <DC1>                       17   17   17   17   17       17
413        <DC2>                       18   18   18   18   18       18
414        <DC3>                       19   19   19   19   19       19
415        <DC4>                       20   60   60   60   20       60
416        <NAK>                       21   61   61   61   21       61
417        <SYN>                       22   50   50   50   22       50
418        <ETB>                       23   38   38   38   23       38
419        <CAN>                       24   24   24   24   24       24
420        <EOM>                       25   25   25   25   25       25
421        <SUB>                       26   63   63   63   26       63
422        <ESC>                       27   39   39   39   27       39
423        <FS>                        28   28   28   28   28       28
424        <GS>                        29   29   29   29   29       29
425        <RS>                        30   30   30   30   30       30
426        <US>                        31   31   31   31   31       31
427        <SPACE>                     32   64   64   64   32       64
428        !                           33   90   90   90   33       90
429        "                           34   127  127  127  34       127
430        #                           35   123  123  123  35       123
431        $                           36   91   91   91   36       91
432        %                           37   108  108  108  37       108
433        &                           38   80   80   80   38       80
434        '                           39   125  125  125  39       125
435        (                           40   77   77   77   40       77
436        )                           41   93   93   93   41       93
437        *                           42   92   92   92   42       92
438        +                           43   78   78   78   43       78
439        ,                           44   107  107  107  44       107
440        -                           45   96   96   96   45       96
441        .                           46   75   75   75   46       75
442        /                           47   97   97   97   47       97
443        0                           48   240  240  240  48       240
444        1                           49   241  241  241  49       241
445        2                           50   242  242  242  50       242
446        3                           51   243  243  243  51       243
447        4                           52   244  244  244  52       244
448        5                           53   245  245  245  53       245
449        6                           54   246  246  246  54       246
450        7                           55   247  247  247  55       247
451        8                           56   248  248  248  56       248
452        9                           57   249  249  249  57       249
453        :                           58   122  122  122  58       122
454        ;                           59   94   94   94   59       94
455        <                           60   76   76   76   60       76
456        =                           61   126  126  126  61       126
457        >                           62   110  110  110  62       110
458        ?                           63   111  111  111  63       111
459        @                           64   124  124  124  64       124
460        A                           65   193  193  193  65       193
461        B                           66   194  194  194  66       194
462        C                           67   195  195  195  67       195
463        D                           68   196  196  196  68       196
464        E                           69   197  197  197  69       197
465        F                           70   198  198  198  70       198
466        G                           71   199  199  199  71       199
467        H                           72   200  200  200  72       200
468        I                           73   201  201  201  73       201
469        J                           74   209  209  209  74       209
470        K                           75   210  210  210  75       210
471        L                           76   211  211  211  76       211
472        M                           77   212  212  212  77       212
473        N                           78   213  213  213  78       213
474        O                           79   214  214  214  79       214
475        P                           80   215  215  215  80       215
476        Q                           81   216  216  216  81       216
477        R                           82   217  217  217  82       217
478        S                           83   226  226  226  83       226
479        T                           84   227  227  227  84       227
480        U                           85   228  228  228  85       228
481        V                           86   229  229  229  86       229
482        W                           87   230  230  230  87       230
483        X                           88   231  231  231  88       231
484        Y                           89   232  232  232  89       232
485        Z                           90   233  233  233  90       233
486        [                           91   186  173  187  91       173  ** ##
487        \                           92   224  224  188  92       224  ##
488        ]                           93   187  189  189  93       189  **
489        ^                           94   176  95   106  94       95   ** ##
490        _                           95   109  109  109  95       109
491        `                           96   121  121  74   96       121  ##
492        a                           97   129  129  129  97       129
493        b                           98   130  130  130  98       130
494        c                           99   131  131  131  99       131
495        d                           100  132  132  132  100      132
496        e                           101  133  133  133  101      133
497        f                           102  134  134  134  102      134
498        g                           103  135  135  135  103      135
499        h                           104  136  136  136  104      136
500        i                           105  137  137  137  105      137
501        j                           106  145  145  145  106      145
502        k                           107  146  146  146  107      146
503        l                           108  147  147  147  108      147
504        m                           109  148  148  148  109      148
505        n                           110  149  149  149  110      149
506        o                           111  150  150  150  111      150
507        p                           112  151  151  151  112      151
508        q                           113  152  152  152  113      152
509        r                           114  153  153  153  114      153
510        s                           115  162  162  162  115      162
511        t                           116  163  163  163  116      163
512        u                           117  164  164  164  117      164
513        v                           118  165  165  165  118      165
514        w                           119  166  166  166  119      166
515        x                           120  167  167  167  120      167
516        y                           121  168  168  168  121      168
517        z                           122  169  169  169  122      169
518        {                           123  192  192  251  123      192  ##
519        |                           124  79   79   79   124      79
520        }                           125  208  208  253  125      208  ##
521        ~                           126  161  161  255  126      161  ##
522        <DEL>                       127  7    7    7    127      7
523        <PAD>                       128  32   32   32   194.128  32
524        <HOP>                       129  33   33   33   194.129  33
525        <BPH>                       130  34   34   34   194.130  34
526        <NBH>                       131  35   35   35   194.131  35
527        <IND>                       132  36   36   36   194.132  36
528        <NEL>                       133  21   37   37   194.133  37   **
529        <SSA>                       134  6    6    6    194.134  6
530        <ESA>                       135  23   23   23   194.135  23
531        <HTS>                       136  40   40   40   194.136  40
532        <HTJ>                       137  41   41   41   194.137  41
533        <VTS>                       138  42   42   42   194.138  42
534        <PLD>                       139  43   43   43   194.139  43
535        <PLU>                       140  44   44   44   194.140  44
536        <RI>                        141  9    9    9    194.141  9
537        <SS2>                       142  10   10   10   194.142  10
538        <SS3>                       143  27   27   27   194.143  27
539        <DCS>                       144  48   48   48   194.144  48
540        <PU1>                       145  49   49   49   194.145  49
541        <PU2>                       146  26   26   26   194.146  26
542        <STS>                       147  51   51   51   194.147  51
543        <CCH>                       148  52   52   52   194.148  52
544        <MW>                        149  53   53   53   194.149  53
545        <SPA>                       150  54   54   54   194.150  54
546        <EPA>                       151  8    8    8    194.151  8
547        <SOS>                       152  56   56   56   194.152  56
548        <SGC>                       153  57   57   57   194.153  57
549        <SCI>                       154  58   58   58   194.154  58
550        <CSI>                       155  59   59   59   194.155  59
551        <ST>                        156  4    4    4    194.156  4
552        <OSC>                       157  20   20   20   194.157  20
553        <PM>                        158  62   62   62   194.158  62
554        <APC>                       159  255  255  95   194.159  255      ##
555        <NON-BREAKING SPACE>        160  65   65   65   194.160  128.65
556        <INVERTED "!" >             161  170  170  170  194.161  128.66
557        <CENT SIGN>                 162  74   74   176  194.162  128.67   ##
558        <POUND SIGN>                163  177  177  177  194.163  128.68
559        <CURRENCY SIGN>             164  159  159  159  194.164  128.69
560        <YEN SIGN>                  165  178  178  178  194.165  128.70
561        <BROKEN BAR>                166  106  106  208  194.166  128.71   ##
562        <SECTION SIGN>              167  181  181  181  194.167  128.72
563        <DIAERESIS>                 168  189  187  121  194.168  128.73   ** ##
564        <COPYRIGHT SIGN>            169  180  180  180  194.169  128.74
565        <FEMININE ORDINAL>          170  154  154  154  194.170  128.81
566        <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET>   171  138  138  138  194.171  128.82
567        <NOT SIGN>                  172  95   176  186  194.172  128.83   ** ##
568        <SOFT HYPHEN>               173  202  202  202  194.173  128.84
569        <REGISTERED TRADE MARK>     174  175  175  175  194.174  128.85
570        <MACRON>                    175  188  188  161  194.175  128.86   ##
571        <DEGREE SIGN>               176  144  144  144  194.176  128.87
572        <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN>        177  143  143  143  194.177  128.88
573        <SUPERSCRIPT TWO>           178  234  234  234  194.178  128.89
574        <SUPERSCRIPT THREE>         179  250  250  250  194.179  128.98
575        <ACUTE ACCENT>              180  190  190  190  194.180  128.99
576        <MICRO SIGN>                181  160  160  160  194.181  128.100
577        <PARAGRAPH SIGN>            182  182  182  182  194.182  128.101
578        <MIDDLE DOT>                183  179  179  179  194.183  128.102
579        <CEDILLA>                   184  157  157  157  194.184  128.103
580        <SUPERSCRIPT ONE>           185  218  218  218  194.185  128.104
581        <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR>   186  155  155  155  194.186  128.105
582        <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET>  187  139  139  139  194.187  128.106
583        <FRACTION ONE QUARTER>      188  183  183  183  194.188  128.112
584        <FRACTION ONE HALF>         189  184  184  184  194.189  128.113
585        <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS>   190  185  185  185  194.190  128.114
586        <INVERTED QUESTION MARK>    191  171  171  171  194.191  128.115
587        <A WITH GRAVE>              192  100  100  100  195.128  138.65
588        <A WITH ACUTE>              193  101  101  101  195.129  138.66
589        <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         194  98   98   98   195.130  138.67
590        <A WITH TILDE>              195  102  102  102  195.131  138.68
591        <A WITH DIAERESIS>          196  99   99   99   195.132  138.69
592        <A WITH RING ABOVE>         197  103  103  103  195.133  138.70
593        <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE>       198  158  158  158  195.134  138.71
594        <C WITH CEDILLA>            199  104  104  104  195.135  138.72
595        <E WITH GRAVE>              200  116  116  116  195.136  138.73
596        <E WITH ACUTE>              201  113  113  113  195.137  138.74
597        <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         202  114  114  114  195.138  138.81
598        <E WITH DIAERESIS>          203  115  115  115  195.139  138.82
599        <I WITH GRAVE>              204  120  120  120  195.140  138.83
600        <I WITH ACUTE>              205  117  117  117  195.141  138.84
601        <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         206  118  118  118  195.142  138.85
602        <I WITH DIAERESIS>          207  119  119  119  195.143  138.86
603        <CAPITAL LETTER ETH>        208  172  172  172  195.144  138.87
604        <N WITH TILDE>              209  105  105  105  195.145  138.88
605        <O WITH GRAVE>              210  237  237  237  195.146  138.89
606        <O WITH ACUTE>              211  238  238  238  195.147  138.98
607        <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         212  235  235  235  195.148  138.99
608        <O WITH TILDE>              213  239  239  239  195.149  138.100
609        <O WITH DIAERESIS>          214  236  236  236  195.150  138.101
610        <MULTIPLICATION SIGN>       215  191  191  191  195.151  138.102
611        <O WITH STROKE>             216  128  128  128  195.152  138.103
612        <U WITH GRAVE>              217  253  253  224  195.153  138.104  ##
613        <U WITH ACUTE>              218  254  254  254  195.154  138.105
614        <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         219  251  251  221  195.155  138.106  ##
615        <U WITH DIAERESIS>          220  252  252  252  195.156  138.112
616        <Y WITH ACUTE>              221  173  186  173  195.157  138.113  ** ##
617        <CAPITAL LETTER THORN>      222  174  174  174  195.158  138.114
618        <SMALL LETTER SHARP S>      223  89   89   89   195.159  138.115
619        <a WITH GRAVE>              224  68   68   68   195.160  139.65
620        <a WITH ACUTE>              225  69   69   69   195.161  139.66
621        <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         226  66   66   66   195.162  139.67
622        <a WITH TILDE>              227  70   70   70   195.163  139.68
623        <a WITH DIAERESIS>          228  67   67   67   195.164  139.69
624        <a WITH RING ABOVE>         229  71   71   71   195.165  139.70
625        <SMALL LIGATURE ae>         230  156  156  156  195.166  139.71
626        <c WITH CEDILLA>            231  72   72   72   195.167  139.72
627        <e WITH GRAVE>              232  84   84   84   195.168  139.73
628        <e WITH ACUTE>              233  81   81   81   195.169  139.74
629        <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         234  82   82   82   195.170  139.81
630        <e WITH DIAERESIS>          235  83   83   83   195.171  139.82
631        <i WITH GRAVE>              236  88   88   88   195.172  139.83
632        <i WITH ACUTE>              237  85   85   85   195.173  139.84
633        <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         238  86   86   86   195.174  139.85
634        <i WITH DIAERESIS>          239  87   87   87   195.175  139.86
635        <SMALL LETTER eth>          240  140  140  140  195.176  139.87
636        <n WITH TILDE>              241  73   73   73   195.177  139.88
637        <o WITH GRAVE>              242  205  205  205  195.178  139.89
638        <o WITH ACUTE>              243  206  206  206  195.179  139.98
639        <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         244  203  203  203  195.180  139.99
640        <o WITH TILDE>              245  207  207  207  195.181  139.100
641        <o WITH DIAERESIS>          246  204  204  204  195.182  139.101
642        <DIVISION SIGN>             247  225  225  225  195.183  139.102
643        <o WITH STROKE>             248  112  112  112  195.184  139.103
644        <u WITH GRAVE>              249  221  221  192  195.185  139.104  ##
645        <u WITH ACUTE>              250  222  222  222  195.186  139.105
646        <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         251  219  219  219  195.187  139.106
647        <u WITH DIAERESIS>          252  220  220  220  195.188  139.112
648        <y WITH ACUTE>              253  141  141  141  195.189  139.113
649        <SMALL LETTER thorn>        254  142  142  142  195.190  139.114
650        <y WITH DIAERESIS>          255  223  223  223  195.191  139.115
651
652       If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than
653       ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through:
654
655       recipe 4
656
657        perl \
658           -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
659            -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
660            -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
661            -e '          sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
662            -e '          map{[$_,substr($_,34,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
663
664       If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the number
665       34 in the last line to 39, like this:
666
667       recipe 5
668
669        perl \
670           -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
671           -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
672           -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
673           -e '          sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
674           -e '          map{[$_,substr($_,39,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
675
676       If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the number 34
677       in the last line to 44, like this:
678
679       recipe 6
680
681        perl \
682           -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
683            -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
684            -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
685            -e '          sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
686            -e '          map{[$_,substr($_,44,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
687
688   Table in hex, sorted in 1047 order
689       Since this document was first written, the convention has become more
690       and more to use hexadecimal notation for code points.  To do this with
691       the recipes and to also sort is a multi-step process, so here, for
692       convenience, is the table from above, re-sorted to be in Code Page 1047
693       order, and using hex notation.
694
695                                 ISO
696                                8859-1             POS-         CCSID
697                                CCSID  CCSID CCSID IX-          1047
698         chr                     0819   0037 1047  BC  UTF-8  UTF-EBCDIC
699        ---------------------------------------------------------------------
700        <NUL>                       00   00   00   00   00       00
701        <SOH>                       01   01   01   01   01       01
702        <STX>                       02   02   02   02   02       02
703        <ETX>                       03   03   03   03   03       03
704        <ST>                        9C   04   04   04   C2.9C    04
705        <HT>                        09   05   05   05   09       05
706        <SSA>                       86   06   06   06   C2.86    06
707        <DEL>                       7F   07   07   07   7F       07
708        <EPA>                       97   08   08   08   C2.97    08
709        <RI>                        8D   09   09   09   C2.8D    09
710        <SS2>                       8E   0A   0A   0A   C2.8E    0A
711        <VT>                        0B   0B   0B   0B   0B       0B
712        <FF>                        0C   0C   0C   0C   0C       0C
713        <CR>                        0D   0D   0D   0D   0D       0D
714        <SO>                        0E   0E   0E   0E   0E       0E
715        <SI>                        0F   0F   0F   0F   0F       0F
716        <DLE>                       10   10   10   10   10       10
717        <DC1>                       11   11   11   11   11       11
718        <DC2>                       12   12   12   12   12       12
719        <DC3>                       13   13   13   13   13       13
720        <OSC>                       9D   14   14   14   C2.9D    14
721        <LF>                        0A   25   15   15   0A       15    **
722        <BS>                        08   16   16   16   08       16
723        <ESA>                       87   17   17   17   C2.87    17
724        <CAN>                       18   18   18   18   18       18
725        <EOM>                       19   19   19   19   19       19
726        <PU2>                       92   1A   1A   1A   C2.92    1A
727        <SS3>                       8F   1B   1B   1B   C2.8F    1B
728        <FS>                        1C   1C   1C   1C   1C       1C
729        <GS>                        1D   1D   1D   1D   1D       1D
730        <RS>                        1E   1E   1E   1E   1E       1E
731        <US>                        1F   1F   1F   1F   1F       1F
732        <PAD>                       80   20   20   20   C2.80    20
733        <HOP>                       81   21   21   21   C2.81    21
734        <BPH>                       82   22   22   22   C2.82    22
735        <NBH>                       83   23   23   23   C2.83    23
736        <IND>                       84   24   24   24   C2.84    24
737        <NEL>                       85   15   25   25   C2.85    25     **
738        <ETB>                       17   26   26   26   17       26
739        <ESC>                       1B   27   27   27   1B       27
740        <HTS>                       88   28   28   28   C2.88    28
741        <HTJ>                       89   29   29   29   C2.89    29
742        <VTS>                       8A   2A   2A   2A   C2.8A    2A
743        <PLD>                       8B   2B   2B   2B   C2.8B    2B
744        <PLU>                       8C   2C   2C   2C   C2.8C    2C
745        <ENQ>                       05   2D   2D   2D   05       2D
746        <ACK>                       06   2E   2E   2E   06       2E
747        <BEL>                       07   2F   2F   2F   07       2F
748        <DCS>                       90   30   30   30   C2.90    30
749        <PU1>                       91   31   31   31   C2.91    31
750        <SYN>                       16   32   32   32   16       32
751        <STS>                       93   33   33   33   C2.93    33
752        <CCH>                       94   34   34   34   C2.94    34
753        <MW>                        95   35   35   35   C2.95    35
754        <SPA>                       96   36   36   36   C2.96    36
755        <EOT>                       04   37   37   37   04       37
756        <SOS>                       98   38   38   38   C2.98    38
757        <SGC>                       99   39   39   39   C2.99    39
758        <SCI>                       9A   3A   3A   3A   C2.9A    3A
759        <CSI>                       9B   3B   3B   3B   C2.9B    3B
760        <DC4>                       14   3C   3C   3C   14       3C
761        <NAK>                       15   3D   3D   3D   15       3D
762        <PM>                        9E   3E   3E   3E   C2.9E    3E
763        <SUB>                       1A   3F   3F   3F   1A       3F
764        <SPACE>                     20   40   40   40   20       40
765        <NON-BREAKING SPACE>        A0   41   41   41   C2.A0    80.41
766        <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         E2   42   42   42   C3.A2    8B.43
767        <a WITH DIAERESIS>          E4   43   43   43   C3.A4    8B.45
768        <a WITH GRAVE>              E0   44   44   44   C3.A0    8B.41
769        <a WITH ACUTE>              E1   45   45   45   C3.A1    8B.42
770        <a WITH TILDE>              E3   46   46   46   C3.A3    8B.44
771        <a WITH RING ABOVE>         E5   47   47   47   C3.A5    8B.46
772        <c WITH CEDILLA>            E7   48   48   48   C3.A7    8B.48
773        <n WITH TILDE>              F1   49   49   49   C3.B1    8B.58
774        <CENT SIGN>                 A2   4A   4A   B0   C2.A2    80.43  ##
775        .                           2E   4B   4B   4B   2E       4B
776        <                           3C   4C   4C   4C   3C       4C
777        (                           28   4D   4D   4D   28       4D
778        +                           2B   4E   4E   4E   2B       4E
779        |                           7C   4F   4F   4F   7C       4F
780        &                           26   50   50   50   26       50
781        <e WITH ACUTE>              E9   51   51   51   C3.A9    8B.4A
782        <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         EA   52   52   52   C3.AA    8B.51
783        <e WITH DIAERESIS>          EB   53   53   53   C3.AB    8B.52
784        <e WITH GRAVE>              E8   54   54   54   C3.A8    8B.49
785        <i WITH ACUTE>              ED   55   55   55   C3.AD    8B.54
786        <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         EE   56   56   56   C3.AE    8B.55
787        <i WITH DIAERESIS>          EF   57   57   57   C3.AF    8B.56
788        <i WITH GRAVE>              EC   58   58   58   C3.AC    8B.53
789        <SMALL LETTER SHARP S>      DF   59   59   59   C3.9F    8A.73
790        !                           21   5A   5A   5A   21       5A
791        $                           24   5B   5B   5B   24       5B
792        *                           2A   5C   5C   5C   2A       5C
793        )                           29   5D   5D   5D   29       5D
794        ;                           3B   5E   5E   5E   3B       5E
795        ^                           5E   B0   5F   6A   5E       5F     ** ##
796        -                           2D   60   60   60   2D       60
797        /                           2F   61   61   61   2F       61
798        <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         C2   62   62   62   C3.82    8A.43
799        <A WITH DIAERESIS>          C4   63   63   63   C3.84    8A.45
800        <A WITH GRAVE>              C0   64   64   64   C3.80    8A.41
801        <A WITH ACUTE>              C1   65   65   65   C3.81    8A.42
802        <A WITH TILDE>              C3   66   66   66   C3.83    8A.44
803        <A WITH RING ABOVE>         C5   67   67   67   C3.85    8A.46
804        <C WITH CEDILLA>            C7   68   68   68   C3.87    8A.48
805        <N WITH TILDE>              D1   69   69   69   C3.91    8A.58
806        <BROKEN BAR>                A6   6A   6A   D0   C2.A6    80.47  ##
807        ,                           2C   6B   6B   6B   2C       6B
808        %                           25   6C   6C   6C   25       6C
809        _                           5F   6D   6D   6D   5F       6D
810        >                           3E   6E   6E   6E   3E       6E
811        ?                           3F   6F   6F   6F   3F       6F
812        <o WITH STROKE>             F8   70   70   70   C3.B8    8B.67
813        <E WITH ACUTE>              C9   71   71   71   C3.89    8A.4A
814        <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         CA   72   72   72   C3.8A    8A.51
815        <E WITH DIAERESIS>          CB   73   73   73   C3.8B    8A.52
816        <E WITH GRAVE>              C8   74   74   74   C3.88    8A.49
817        <I WITH ACUTE>              CD   75   75   75   C3.8D    8A.54
818        <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         CE   76   76   76   C3.8E    8A.55
819        <I WITH DIAERESIS>          CF   77   77   77   C3.8F    8A.56
820        <I WITH GRAVE>              CC   78   78   78   C3.8C    8A.53
821        `                           60   79   79   4A   60       79     ##
822        :                           3A   7A   7A   7A   3A       7A
823        #                           23   7B   7B   7B   23       7B
824        @                           40   7C   7C   7C   40       7C
825        '                           27   7D   7D   7D   27       7D
826        =                           3D   7E   7E   7E   3D       7E
827        "                           22   7F   7F   7F   22       7F
828        <O WITH STROKE>             D8   80   80   80   C3.98    8A.67
829        a                           61   81   81   81   61       81
830        b                           62   82   82   82   62       82
831        c                           63   83   83   83   63       83
832        d                           64   84   84   84   64       84
833        e                           65   85   85   85   65       85
834        f                           66   86   86   86   66       86
835        g                           67   87   87   87   67       87
836        h                           68   88   88   88   68       88
837        i                           69   89   89   89   69       89
838        <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET>   AB   8A   8A   8A   C2.AB    80.52
839        <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET>  BB   8B   8B   8B   C2.BB    80.6A
840        <SMALL LETTER eth>          F0   8C   8C   8C   C3.B0    8B.57
841        <y WITH ACUTE>              FD   8D   8D   8D   C3.BD    8B.71
842        <SMALL LETTER thorn>        FE   8E   8E   8E   C3.BE    8B.72
843        <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN>        B1   8F   8F   8F   C2.B1    80.58
844        <DEGREE SIGN>               B0   90   90   90   C2.B0    80.57
845        j                           6A   91   91   91   6A       91
846        k                           6B   92   92   92   6B       92
847        l                           6C   93   93   93   6C       93
848        m                           6D   94   94   94   6D       94
849        n                           6E   95   95   95   6E       95
850        o                           6F   96   96   96   6F       96
851        p                           70   97   97   97   70       97
852        q                           71   98   98   98   71       98
853        r                           72   99   99   99   72       99
854        <FEMININE ORDINAL>          AA   9A   9A   9A   C2.AA    80.51
855        <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR>   BA   9B   9B   9B   C2.BA    80.69
856        <SMALL LIGATURE ae>         E6   9C   9C   9C   C3.A6    8B.47
857        <CEDILLA>                   B8   9D   9D   9D   C2.B8    80.67
858        <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE>       C6   9E   9E   9E   C3.86    8A.47
859        <CURRENCY SIGN>             A4   9F   9F   9F   C2.A4    80.45
860        <MICRO SIGN>                B5   A0   A0   A0   C2.B5    80.64
861        ~                           7E   A1   A1   FF   7E       A1     ##
862        s                           73   A2   A2   A2   73       A2
863        t                           74   A3   A3   A3   74       A3
864        u                           75   A4   A4   A4   75       A4
865        v                           76   A5   A5   A5   76       A5
866        w                           77   A6   A6   A6   77       A6
867        x                           78   A7   A7   A7   78       A7
868        y                           79   A8   A8   A8   79       A8
869        z                           7A   A9   A9   A9   7A       A9
870        <INVERTED "!" >             A1   AA   AA   AA   C2.A1    80.42
871        <INVERTED QUESTION MARK>    BF   AB   AB   AB   C2.BF    80.73
872        <CAPITAL LETTER ETH>        D0   AC   AC   AC   C3.90    8A.57
873        [                           5B   BA   AD   BB   5B       AD     ** ##
874        <CAPITAL LETTER THORN>      DE   AE   AE   AE   C3.9E    8A.72
875        <REGISTERED TRADE MARK>     AE   AF   AF   AF   C2.AE    80.55
876        <NOT SIGN>                  AC   5F   B0   BA   C2.AC    80.53  ** ##
877        <POUND SIGN>                A3   B1   B1   B1   C2.A3    80.44
878        <YEN SIGN>                  A5   B2   B2   B2   C2.A5    80.46
879        <MIDDLE DOT>                B7   B3   B3   B3   C2.B7    80.66
880        <COPYRIGHT SIGN>            A9   B4   B4   B4   C2.A9    80.4A
881        <SECTION SIGN>              A7   B5   B5   B5   C2.A7    80.48
882        <PARAGRAPH SIGN>            B6   B6   B6   B6   C2.B6    80.65
883        <FRACTION ONE QUARTER>      BC   B7   B7   B7   C2.BC    80.70
884        <FRACTION ONE HALF>         BD   B8   B8   B8   C2.BD    80.71
885        <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS>   BE   B9   B9   B9   C2.BE    80.72
886        <Y WITH ACUTE>              DD   AD   BA   AD   C3.9D    8A.71  ** ##
887        <DIAERESIS>                 A8   BD   BB   79   C2.A8    80.49  ** ##
888        <MACRON>                    AF   BC   BC   A1   C2.AF    80.56  ##
889        ]                           5D   BB   BD   BD   5D       BD     **
890        <ACUTE ACCENT>              B4   BE   BE   BE   C2.B4    80.63
891        <MULTIPLICATION SIGN>       D7   BF   BF   BF   C3.97    8A.66
892        {                           7B   C0   C0   FB   7B       C0     ##
893        A                           41   C1   C1   C1   41       C1
894        B                           42   C2   C2   C2   42       C2
895        C                           43   C3   C3   C3   43       C3
896        D                           44   C4   C4   C4   44       C4
897        E                           45   C5   C5   C5   45       C5
898        F                           46   C6   C6   C6   46       C6
899        G                           47   C7   C7   C7   47       C7
900        H                           48   C8   C8   C8   48       C8
901        I                           49   C9   C9   C9   49       C9
902        <SOFT HYPHEN>               AD   CA   CA   CA   C2.AD    80.54
903        <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         F4   CB   CB   CB   C3.B4    8B.63
904        <o WITH DIAERESIS>          F6   CC   CC   CC   C3.B6    8B.65
905        <o WITH GRAVE>              F2   CD   CD   CD   C3.B2    8B.59
906        <o WITH ACUTE>              F3   CE   CE   CE   C3.B3    8B.62
907        <o WITH TILDE>              F5   CF   CF   CF   C3.B5    8B.64
908        }                           7D   D0   D0   FD   7D       D0     ##
909        J                           4A   D1   D1   D1   4A       D1
910        K                           4B   D2   D2   D2   4B       D2
911        L                           4C   D3   D3   D3   4C       D3
912        M                           4D   D4   D4   D4   4D       D4
913        N                           4E   D5   D5   D5   4E       D5
914        O                           4F   D6   D6   D6   4F       D6
915        P                           50   D7   D7   D7   50       D7
916        Q                           51   D8   D8   D8   51       D8
917        R                           52   D9   D9   D9   52       D9
918        <SUPERSCRIPT ONE>           B9   DA   DA   DA   C2.B9    80.68
919        <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         FB   DB   DB   DB   C3.BB    8B.6A
920        <u WITH DIAERESIS>          FC   DC   DC   DC   C3.BC    8B.70
921        <u WITH GRAVE>              F9   DD   DD   C0   C3.B9    8B.68  ##
922        <u WITH ACUTE>              FA   DE   DE   DE   C3.BA    8B.69
923        <y WITH DIAERESIS>          FF   DF   DF   DF   C3.BF    8B.73
924        \                           5C   E0   E0   BC   5C       E0     ##
925        <DIVISION SIGN>             F7   E1   E1   E1   C3.B7    8B.66
926        S                           53   E2   E2   E2   53       E2
927        T                           54   E3   E3   E3   54       E3
928        U                           55   E4   E4   E4   55       E4
929        V                           56   E5   E5   E5   56       E5
930        W                           57   E6   E6   E6   57       E6
931        X                           58   E7   E7   E7   58       E7
932        Y                           59   E8   E8   E8   59       E8
933        Z                           5A   E9   E9   E9   5A       E9
934        <SUPERSCRIPT TWO>           B2   EA   EA   EA   C2.B2    80.59
935        <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         D4   EB   EB   EB   C3.94    8A.63
936        <O WITH DIAERESIS>          D6   EC   EC   EC   C3.96    8A.65
937        <O WITH GRAVE>              D2   ED   ED   ED   C3.92    8A.59
938        <O WITH ACUTE>              D3   EE   EE   EE   C3.93    8A.62
939        <O WITH TILDE>              D5   EF   EF   EF   C3.95    8A.64
940        0                           30   F0   F0   F0   30       F0
941        1                           31   F1   F1   F1   31       F1
942        2                           32   F2   F2   F2   32       F2
943        3                           33   F3   F3   F3   33       F3
944        4                           34   F4   F4   F4   34       F4
945        5                           35   F5   F5   F5   35       F5
946        6                           36   F6   F6   F6   36       F6
947        7                           37   F7   F7   F7   37       F7
948        8                           38   F8   F8   F8   38       F8
949        9                           39   F9   F9   F9   39       F9
950        <SUPERSCRIPT THREE>         B3   FA   FA   FA   C2.B3    80.62
951        <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         DB   FB   FB   DD   C3.9B    8A.6A  ##
952        <U WITH DIAERESIS>          DC   FC   FC   FC   C3.9C    8A.70
953        <U WITH GRAVE>              D9   FD   FD   E0   C3.99    8A.68  ##
954        <U WITH ACUTE>              DA   FE   FE   FE   C3.9A    8A.69
955        <APC>                       9F   FF   FF   5F   C2.9F    FF     ##
956

IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS

958       It is possible to determine which character set you are operating
959       under.  But first you need to be really really sure you need to do
960       this.  Your code will be simpler and probably just as portable if you
961       don't have to test the character set and do different things,
962       depending.  There are actually only very few circumstances where it's
963       not easy to write straight-line code portable to all character sets.
964       See "Unicode and EBCDIC" in perluniintro for how to portably specify
965       characters.
966
967       But there are some cases where you may want to know which character set
968       you are running under.  One possible example is doing sorting in inner
969       loops where performance is critical.
970
971       To determine if you are running under ASCII or EBCDIC, you can use the
972       return value of "ord()" or "chr()" to test one or more character
973       values.  For example:
974
975           $is_ascii  = "A" eq chr(65);
976           $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
977           $is_ascii  = ord("A") == 65;
978           $is_ebcdic = ord("A") == 193;
979
980       There's even less need to distinguish between EBCDIC code pages, but to
981       do so try looking at one or more of the characters that differ between
982       them.
983
984           $is_ascii           = ord('[') == 91;
985           $is_ebcdic_37       = ord('[') == 186;
986           $is_ebcdic_1047     = ord('[') == 173;
987           $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
988
989       However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
990
991           $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13);  #  WRONG
992           $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10);  #  ILL ADVISED
993
994       Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII
995       platforms from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC
996       platform since ""\r" eq chr(13)" under all of those coded character
997       sets.  But note too that because "\n" is "chr(13)" and "\r" is
998       "chr(10)" on old Macintosh (which is an ASCII platform) the second
999       $is_ascii test will lead to trouble there.
1000
1001       To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC code page
1002       you can use the Config module like so:
1003
1004           use Config;
1005           $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
1006

CONVERSIONS

1008   "utf8::unicode_to_native()" and "utf8::native_to_unicode()"
1009       These functions take an input numeric code point in one encoding and
1010       return what its equivalent value is in the other.
1011
1012       See utf8.
1013
1014   tr///
1015       In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to
1016       another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the
1017       above table, along with Perl's "tr///" operator is all that is needed.
1018       The data in the table are in ASCII/Latin1 order, hence the EBCDIC
1019       columns provide easy-to-use ASCII/Latin1 to EBCDIC operations that are
1020       also easily reversed.
1021
1022       For example, to convert ASCII/Latin1 to code page 037 take the output
1023       of the second numbers column from the output of recipe 2 (modified to
1024       add "\" characters), and use it in "tr///" like so:
1025
1026           $cp_037 =
1027           '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x37\x2D\x2E\x2F\x16\x05\x25\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F' .
1028           '\x10\x11\x12\x13\x3C\x3D\x32\x26\x18\x19\x3F\x27\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F' .
1029           '\x40\x5A\x7F\x7B\x5B\x6C\x50\x7D\x4D\x5D\x5C\x4E\x6B\x60\x4B\x61' .
1030           '\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6\xF7\xF8\xF9\x7A\x5E\x4C\x7E\x6E\x6F' .
1031           '\x7C\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6' .
1032           '\xD7\xD8\xD9\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9\xBA\xE0\xBB\xB0\x6D' .
1033           '\x79\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96' .
1034           '\x97\x98\x99\xA2\xA3\xA4\xA5\xA6\xA7\xA8\xA9\xC0\x4F\xD0\xA1\x07' .
1035           '\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x15\x06\x17\x28\x29\x2A\x2B\x2C\x09\x0A\x1B' .
1036           '\x30\x31\x1A\x33\x34\x35\x36\x08\x38\x39\x3A\x3B\x04\x14\x3E\xFF' .
1037           '\x41\xAA\x4A\xB1\x9F\xB2\x6A\xB5\xBD\xB4\x9A\x8A\x5F\xCA\xAF\xBC' .
1038           '\x90\x8F\xEA\xFA\xBE\xA0\xB6\xB3\x9D\xDA\x9B\x8B\xB7\xB8\xB9\xAB' .
1039           '\x64\x65\x62\x66\x63\x67\x9E\x68\x74\x71\x72\x73\x78\x75\x76\x77' .
1040           '\xAC\x69\xED\xEE\xEB\xEF\xEC\xBF\x80\xFD\xFE\xFB\xFC\xAD\xAE\x59' .
1041           '\x44\x45\x42\x46\x43\x47\x9C\x48\x54\x51\x52\x53\x58\x55\x56\x57' .
1042           '\x8C\x49\xCD\xCE\xCB\xCF\xCC\xE1\x70\xDD\xDE\xDB\xDC\x8D\x8E\xDF';
1043
1044           my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
1045           eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
1046
1047       To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr///
1048       arguments like so:
1049
1050           my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
1051           eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
1052
1053       Similarly one could take the output of the third numbers column from
1054       recipe 2 to obtain a $cp_1047 table.  The fourth numbers column of the
1055       output from recipe 2 could provide a $cp_posix_bc table suitable for
1056       transcoding as well.
1057
1058       If you wanted to see the inverse tables, you would first have to sort
1059       on the desired numbers column as in recipes 4, 5 or 6, then take the
1060       output of the first numbers column.
1061
1062   iconv
1063       XPG operability often implies the presence of an iconv utility
1064       available from the shell or from the C library.  Consult your system's
1065       documentation for information on iconv.
1066
1067       On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage.  One way to invoke the
1068       "iconv" shell utility from within perl would be to:
1069
1070           # OS/390 or z/OS example
1071           $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
1072
1073       or the inverse map:
1074
1075           # OS/390 or z/OS example
1076           $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
1077
1078       For other Perl-based conversion options see the "Convert::*" modules on
1079       CPAN.
1080
1081   C RTL
1082       The OS/390 and z/OS C run-time libraries provide "_atoe()" and
1083       "_etoa()" functions.
1084

OPERATOR DIFFERENCES

1086       The ".." range operator treats certain character ranges with care on
1087       EBCDIC platforms.  For example the following array will have twenty six
1088       elements on either an EBCDIC platform or an ASCII platform:
1089
1090           @alphabet = ('A'..'Z');   #  $#alphabet == 25
1091
1092       The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results when
1093       operating on string or character data in a Perl program running on an
1094       EBCDIC platform than when run on an ASCII platform.  Here is an example
1095       adapted from the one in perlop:
1096
1097           # EBCDIC-based examples
1098           print "j p \n" ^ " a h";                      # prints "JAPH\n"
1099           print "JA" | "  ph\n";                        # prints "japh\n"
1100           print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277";  # prints "japh\n";
1101           print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n";                      # prints "Perl\n";
1102
1103       An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters in the ASCII
1104       table is that they can "literally" be constructed as control characters
1105       in Perl, e.g. "(chr(0)" eq "\c@")> "(chr(1)" eq "\cA")>, and so on.
1106       Perl on EBCDIC platforms has been ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and
1107       "\cA" to chr(1), etc. as well, but the characters that result depend on
1108       which code page you are using.  The table below uses the standard
1109       acronyms for the controls.  The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are identical
1110       throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only one spot (21
1111       decimal).  Note that the line terminator character may be generated by
1112       "\cJ" on ASCII platforms but by "\cU" on 1047 or POSIX-BC platforms and
1113       cannot be generated as a "\c.letter." control character on 0037
1114       platforms.  Note also that "\c\" cannot be the final element in a
1115       string or regex, as it will absorb the terminator.   But "\c\X" is a
1116       "FILE SEPARATOR" concatenated with X for all X.  The outlier "\c?" on
1117       ASCII, which yields a non-C0 control "DEL", yields the outlier control
1118       "APC" on EBCDIC, the one that isn't in the block of contiguous
1119       controls.  Note that a subtlety of this is that "\c?" on ASCII
1120       platforms is an ASCII character, while it isn't equivalent to any ASCII
1121       character in EBCDIC platforms.
1122
1123        chr   ord   8859-1    0037    1047 && POSIX-BC
1124        -----------------------------------------------------------------------
1125        \c@     0   <NUL>     <NUL>        <NUL>
1126        \cA     1   <SOH>     <SOH>        <SOH>
1127        \cB     2   <STX>     <STX>        <STX>
1128        \cC     3   <ETX>     <ETX>        <ETX>
1129        \cD     4   <EOT>     <ST>         <ST>
1130        \cE     5   <ENQ>     <HT>         <HT>
1131        \cF     6   <ACK>     <SSA>        <SSA>
1132        \cG     7   <BEL>     <DEL>        <DEL>
1133        \cH     8   <BS>      <EPA>        <EPA>
1134        \cI     9   <HT>      <RI>         <RI>
1135        \cJ    10   <LF>      <SS2>        <SS2>
1136        \cK    11   <VT>      <VT>         <VT>
1137        \cL    12   <FF>      <FF>         <FF>
1138        \cM    13   <CR>      <CR>         <CR>
1139        \cN    14   <SO>      <SO>         <SO>
1140        \cO    15   <SI>      <SI>         <SI>
1141        \cP    16   <DLE>     <DLE>        <DLE>
1142        \cQ    17   <DC1>     <DC1>        <DC1>
1143        \cR    18   <DC2>     <DC2>        <DC2>
1144        \cS    19   <DC3>     <DC3>        <DC3>
1145        \cT    20   <DC4>     <OSC>        <OSC>
1146        \cU    21   <NAK>     <NEL>        <LF>              **
1147        \cV    22   <SYN>     <BS>         <BS>
1148        \cW    23   <ETB>     <ESA>        <ESA>
1149        \cX    24   <CAN>     <CAN>        <CAN>
1150        \cY    25   <EOM>     <EOM>        <EOM>
1151        \cZ    26   <SUB>     <PU2>        <PU2>
1152        \c[    27   <ESC>     <SS3>        <SS3>
1153        \c\X   28   <FS>X     <FS>X        <FS>X
1154        \c]    29   <GS>      <GS>         <GS>
1155        \c^    30   <RS>      <RS>         <RS>
1156        \c_    31   <US>      <US>         <US>
1157        \c?    *    <DEL>     <APC>        <APC>
1158
1159       "*" Note: "\c?" maps to ordinal 127 ("DEL") on ASCII platforms, but
1160       since ordinal 127 is a not a control character on EBCDIC machines,
1161       "\c?" instead maps on them to "APC", which is 255 in 0037 and 1047, and
1162       95 in POSIX-BC.
1163

FUNCTION DIFFERENCES

1165       "chr()" "chr()" must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a
1166               desired character return value on an EBCDIC platform.  For
1167               example:
1168
1169                   $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
1170
1171       "ord()" "ord()" will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC
1172               platform.  For example:
1173
1174                   $the_number_193 = ord("A");
1175
1176       "pack()"
1177               The "c" and "C" templates for "pack()" are dependent upon
1178               character set encoding.  Examples of usage on EBCDIC include:
1179
1180                   $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
1181                   # $foo eq "ABCD"
1182                   $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
1183                   # same thing
1184
1185                   $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
1186                   # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"
1187
1188               The "U" template has been ported to mean "Unicode" on all
1189               platforms so that
1190
1191                   pack("U", 65) eq 'A'
1192
1193               is true on all platforms.  If you want native code points for
1194               the low 256, use the "W" template.  This means that the
1195               equivalences
1196
1197                   pack("W", ord($character)) eq $character
1198                   unpack("W", $character) == ord $character
1199
1200               will hold.
1201
1202       "print()"
1203               One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to
1204               print that contain ASCII encodings.  One common place for this
1205               to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for CGI
1206               script writing.  For example, many Perl programming guides
1207               recommend something similar to:
1208
1209                   print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
1210                   # this may be wrong on EBCDIC
1211
1212               You can instead write
1213
1214                   print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et al
1215
1216               and have it work portably.
1217
1218               That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done by
1219               the web server in this case.  Consult your web server's
1220               documentation for further details.
1221
1222       "printf()"
1223               The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice
1224               versa will be different from their ASCII counterparts when
1225               executed on an EBCDIC platform.  Examples include:
1226
1227                   printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195);  # prints ABC
1228
1229       "sort()"
1230               EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results
1231               especially for mixed case strings.  This is discussed in more
1232               detail below.
1233
1234       "sprintf()"
1235               See the discussion of "printf()" above.  An example of the use
1236               of sprintf would be:
1237
1238                   $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
1239
1240       "unpack()"
1241               See the discussion of "pack()" above.
1242
1243       Note that it is possible to write portable code for these by specifying
1244       things in Unicode numbers, and using a conversion function:
1245
1246           printf("%c",utf8::unicode_to_native(65));  # prints A on all
1247                                                      # platforms
1248           print utf8::native_to_unicode(ord("A"));   # Likewise, prints 65
1249
1250       See "Unicode and EBCDIC" in perluniintro and "CONVERSIONS" for other
1251       options.
1252

REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES

1254       You can write your regular expressions just like someone on an ASCII
1255       platform would do.  But keep in mind that using octal or hex notation
1256       to specify a particular code point will give you the character that the
1257       EBCDIC code page natively maps to it.   (This is also true of all
1258       double-quoted strings.)  If you want to write portably, just use the
1259       "\N{U+...}" notation everywhere where you would have used "\x{...}",
1260       and don't use octal notation at all.
1261
1262       Starting in Perl v5.22, this applies to ranges in bracketed character
1263       classes.  If you say, for example, "qr/[\N{U+20}-\N{U+7F}]/", it means
1264       the characters "\N{U+20}", "\N{U+21}", ..., "\N{U+7F}".  This range is
1265       all the printable characters that the ASCII character set contains.
1266
1267       Prior to v5.22, you couldn't specify any ranges portably, except
1268       (starting in Perl v5.5.3) all subsets of the "[A-Z]" and "[a-z]" ranges
1269       are specially coded to not pick up gap characters.  For example,
1270       characters such as "o" ("o WITH CIRCUMFLEX") that lie between "I" and
1271       "J" would not be matched by the regular expression range "/[H-K]/".
1272       But if either of the range end points is explicitly numeric (and
1273       neither is specified by "\N{U+...}"), the gap characters are matched:
1274
1275           /[\x89-\x91]/
1276
1277       will match "\x8e", even though "\x89" is "i" and "\x91 " is "j", and
1278       "\x8e" is a gap character, from the alphabetic viewpoint.
1279
1280       Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex (unless
1281       you use "\N{U+...}") or octal constants in regular expressions.
1282       Consider the following set of subs:
1283
1284           sub is_c0 {
1285               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1286               $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
1287           }
1288
1289           sub is_print_ascii {
1290               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1291               $char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
1292           }
1293
1294           sub is_delete {
1295               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1296               $char eq "\177";
1297           }
1298
1299           sub is_c1 {
1300               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1301               $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
1302           }
1303
1304           sub is_latin_1 {    # But not ASCII; not C1
1305               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1306               $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
1307           }
1308
1309       These are valid only on ASCII platforms.  Starting in Perl v5.22,
1310       simply changing the octal constants to equivalent "\N{U+...}" values
1311       makes them portable:
1312
1313           sub is_c0 {
1314               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1315               $char =~ /[\N{U+00}-\N{U+1F}]/;
1316           }
1317
1318           sub is_print_ascii {
1319               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1320               $char =~ /[\N{U+20}-\N{U+7E}]/;
1321           }
1322
1323           sub is_delete {
1324               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1325               $char eq "\N{U+7F}";
1326           }
1327
1328           sub is_c1 {
1329               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1330               $char =~ /[\N{U+80}-\N{U+9F}]/;
1331           }
1332
1333           sub is_latin_1 {    # But not ASCII; not C1
1334               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1335               $char =~ /[\N{U+A0}-\N{U+FF}]/;
1336           }
1337
1338       And here are some alternative portable ways to write them:
1339
1340           sub Is_c0 {
1341               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1342               return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/a && ! Is_delete($char);
1343
1344               # Alternatively:
1345               # return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/
1346               #        && $char =~ /[[:ascii:]]/
1347               #        && ! Is_delete($char);
1348           }
1349
1350           sub Is_print_ascii {
1351               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1352
1353               return $char =~ /[[:print:]]/a;
1354
1355               # Alternatively:
1356               # return $char =~ /[[:print:]]/ && $char =~ /[[:ascii:]]/;
1357
1358               # Or
1359               # return $char
1360               #      =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/;
1361           }
1362
1363           sub Is_delete {
1364               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1365               return utf8::native_to_unicode(ord $char) == 0x7F;
1366           }
1367
1368           sub Is_c1 {
1369               use feature 'unicode_strings';
1370               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1371               return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/ && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/;
1372           }
1373
1374           sub Is_latin_1 {    # But not ASCII; not C1
1375               use feature 'unicode_strings';
1376               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1377               return ord($char) < 256
1378                      && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/
1379                      && $char !~ /[[:cntrl:]]/;
1380           }
1381
1382       Another way to write "Is_latin_1()" would be to use the characters in
1383       the range explicitly:
1384
1385           sub Is_latin_1 {
1386               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1387               $char =~ /[ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXAAAA~AeAaAECEEEEeIIIIe]
1388                         [D‐N~OOOO~OeXOUUUUeYLPssaaaa~aeaaaeceeeeeiiiied`n~oooo~oeXouuuueybpye]/x;
1389           }
1390
1391       Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the
1392       presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets.  But
1393       it does allow "Is_c1" to be rewritten so it works on Perls that don't
1394       have 'unicode_strings' (earlier than v5.14):
1395
1396           sub Is_latin_1 {    # But not ASCII; not C1
1397               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1398               return ord($char) < 256
1399                      && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/
1400                      && ! Is_latin1($char);
1401           }
1402

SOCKETS

1404       Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network
1405       byte order.  Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a host web
1406       server where the server may take care of translation for you.  Most
1407       host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on
1408       output.
1409

SORTING

1411       One big difference between ASCII-based character sets and EBCDIC ones
1412       are the relative positions of the characters when sorted in native
1413       order.  Of most concern are the upper- and lowercase letters, the
1414       digits, and the underscore ("_").  On ASCII platforms the native sort
1415       order has the digits come before the uppercase letters which come
1416       before the underscore which comes before the lowercase letters.  On
1417       EBCDIC, the underscore comes first, then the lowercase letters, then
1418       the uppercase ones, and the digits last.  If sorted on an ASCII-based
1419       platform, the two-letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the
1420       two letter abbreviation for drive; that is:
1421
1422        @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.));  # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
1423                                         # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
1424
1425       The property of lowercase before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is even
1426       carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047.  An example
1427       would be that "Ee" ("E WITH DIAERESIS", 203) comes before "ee" ("e WITH
1428       DIAERESIS", 235) on an ASCII platform, but the latter (83) comes before
1429       the former (115) on an EBCDIC platform.  (Astute readers will note that
1430       the uppercase version of "ss" "SMALL LETTER SHARP S" is simply "SS" and
1431       that the upper case versions of "ye" (small "y WITH DIAERESIS") and "X"
1432       ("MICRO SIGN") are not in the 0..255 range but are in Unicode, in a
1433       Unicode enabled Perl).
1434
1435       The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on ASCII
1436       platforms versus EBCDIC platforms.  What follows are some suggestions
1437       on how to deal with these differences.
1438
1439   Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
1440       This is the least computationally expensive strategy.  It may require
1441       some user education.
1442
1443   Use a sort helper function
1444       This is completely general, but the most computationally expensive
1445       strategy.  Choose one or the other character set and transform to that
1446       for every sort comparision.  Here's a complete example that transforms
1447       to ASCII sort order:
1448
1449        sub native_to_uni($) {
1450           my $string = shift;
1451
1452           # Saves time on an ASCII platform
1453           return $string if ord 'A' ==  65;
1454
1455           my $output = "";
1456           for my $i (0 .. length($string) - 1) {
1457               $output
1458                  .= chr(utf8::native_to_unicode(ord(substr($string, $i, 1))));
1459           }
1460
1461           # Preserve utf8ness of input onto the output, even if it didn't need
1462           # to be utf8
1463           utf8::upgrade($output) if utf8::is_utf8($string);
1464
1465           return $output;
1466        }
1467
1468        sub ascii_order {   # Sort helper
1469           return native_to_uni($a) cmp native_to_uni($b);
1470        }
1471
1472        sort ascii_order @list;
1473
1474   MONO CASE then sort data (for non-digits, non-underscore)
1475       If you don't care about where digits and underscore sort to, you can do
1476       something like this
1477
1478        sub case_insensitive_order {   # Sort helper
1479           return lc($a) cmp lc($b)
1480        }
1481
1482        sort case_insensitive_order @list;
1483
1484       If performance is an issue, and you don't care if the output is in the
1485       same case as the input, Use "tr///" to transform to the case most
1486       employed within the data.  If the data are primarily UPPERCASE
1487       non-Latin1, then apply "tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/", and then "sort()".  If the
1488       data are primarily lowercase non Latin1 then apply "tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/"
1489       before sorting.  If the data are primarily UPPERCASE and include
1490       Latin-1 characters then apply:
1491
1492          tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
1493          tr/[aaaa~aeaaaeceeeeeiiiied`n~oooo~oeouuuueybp]/[AAAA~AeAaAECEEEEeIIIIeD‐N~OOOO~OeOUUUUeYLP/;
1494          s/ss/SS/g;
1495
1496       then "sort()".  If you have a choice, it's better to lowercase things
1497       to avoid the problems of the two Latin-1 characters whose uppercase is
1498       outside Latin-1: "ye" (small "y WITH DIAERESIS") and "X" ("MICRO
1499       SIGN").  If you do need to upppercase, you can; with a Unicode-enabled
1500       Perl, do:
1501
1502           tr/ye/\x{178}/;
1503           tr/X/\x{39C}/;
1504
1505   Perform sorting on one type of platform only.
1506       This strategy can employ a network connection.  As such it would be
1507       computationally expensive.
1508

TRANSFORMATION FORMATS

1510       There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra
1511       character set mapping that serve a variety of purposes.  Sorting was
1512       discussed in the previous section and a few of the other more popular
1513       mapping techniques are discussed next.
1514
1515   URL decoding and encoding
1516       Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an
1517       attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues.  For
1518       example the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the
1519       form:
1520
1521           http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
1522
1523       may also be expressed as either of:
1524
1525           http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
1526
1527           http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
1528
1529       where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for "~".  Here is an
1530       example of decoding such a URL in any EBCDIC code page:
1531
1532           $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
1533           $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/
1534                     pack("c",utf8::unicode_to_native(hex($1)))/xge;
1535
1536       Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such a
1537       URL in any EBCDIC code page:
1538
1539           $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
1540           # The following regular expression does not address the
1541           # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
1542           $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/
1543                      sprintf("%%%02X",utf8::native_to_unicode(ord($1)))/xge;
1544
1545       where a more complete solution would split the URL into components and
1546       apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts.
1547
1548   uu encoding and decoding
1549       The "u" template to "pack()" or "unpack()" will render EBCDIC data in
1550       EBCDIC characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts.  For example,
1551       the following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC
1552       computer:
1553
1554           $all_byte_chrs = '';
1555           for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
1556           $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
1557           ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
1558           M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
1559           M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
1560           M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
1561           MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S
1562           MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
1563           ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
1564           ENDOFHEREDOC
1565           if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
1566               print "Yes ";
1567           }
1568           $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
1569           if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
1570               print "indeed\n";
1571           }
1572
1573       Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC:
1574
1575           #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1576           $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/;
1577           open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
1578           while(<>) {
1579               last if /^end/;
1580               next if /[a-z]/;
1581               next unless int((((utf8::native_to_unicode(ord()) - 32 ) & 077)
1582                                                                      + 2) / 3)
1583                           == int(length() / 4);
1584               print OUT unpack("u", $_);
1585           }
1586           close(OUT);
1587           chmod oct($mode), $file;
1588
1589   Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
1590       On ASCII-encoded platforms it is possible to strip characters outside
1591       of the printable set using:
1592
1593           # This QP encoder works on ASCII only
1594           $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/
1595                           sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/xge;
1596
1597       Starting in Perl v5.22, this is trivially changeable to work portably
1598       on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms.
1599
1600           # This QP encoder works on both ASCII and EBCDIC
1601           $qp_string =~ s/([=\N{U+00}-\N{U+1F}\N{U+80}-\N{U+FF}])/
1602                           sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/xge;
1603
1604       For earlier Perls, a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC
1605       platforms would look somewhat like the following:
1606
1607           $delete = utf8::unicode_to_native(ord("\x7F"));
1608           $qp_string =~
1609             s/([^[:print:]$delete])/
1610                sprintf("=%02X",utf8::native_to_unicode(ord($1)))/xage;
1611
1612       (although in production code the substitutions might be done in the
1613       EBCDIC branch with the function call and separately in the ASCII branch
1614       without the expense of the identity map; in Perl v5.22, the identity
1615       map is optimized out so there is no expense, but the alternative above
1616       is simpler and is also available in v5.22).
1617
1618       Such QP strings can be decoded with:
1619
1620           # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
1621           $string =~ s/=([[:xdigit:][[:xdigit:])/chr hex $1/ge;
1622           $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1623
1624       Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms
1625       would look somewhat like the following:
1626
1627           $string =~ s/=([[:xdigit:][:xdigit:]])/
1628                                       chr utf8::native_to_unicode(hex $1)/xge;
1629           $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1630
1631   Caesarean ciphers
1632       The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for
1633       encipherment dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed
1634       by Gaius Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars text.  A single alphabet
1635       shift is sometimes referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is
1636       given as a number $n after the string 'rot' or "rot$n".  Rot0 and rot26
1637       would designate identity maps on the 26-letter English version of the
1638       Latin alphabet.  Rot13 has the interesting property that alternate
1639       subsequent invocations are identity maps (thus rot13 is its own non-
1640       trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet rotations).  Hence the
1641       following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will work on ASCII and
1642       EBCDIC platforms:
1643
1644           #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1645
1646           while(<>){
1647               tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
1648               print;
1649           }
1650
1651       In one-liner form:
1652
1653           perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'
1654

Hashing order and checksums

1656       Perl deliberately randomizes hash order for security purposes on both
1657       ASCII and EBCDIC platforms.
1658
1659       EBCDIC checksums will differ for the same file translated into ASCII
1660       and vice versa.
1661

I18N AND L10N

1663       Internationalization (I18N) and localization (L10N) are supported at
1664       least in principle even on EBCDIC platforms.  The details are system-
1665       dependent and discussed under the "OS ISSUES" section below.
1666

MULTI-OCTET CHARACTER SETS

1668       Perl works with UTF-EBCDIC, a multi-byte encoding.  In Perls earlier
1669       than v5.22, there may be various bugs in this regard.
1670
1671       Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX.
1672

OS ISSUES

1674       There may be a few system-dependent issues of concern to EBCDIC Perl
1675       programmers.
1676
1677   OS/400
1678       PASE    The PASE environment is a runtime environment for OS/400 that
1679               can run executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400; see
1680               perlos400.  PASE is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE.
1681
1682       IFS access
1683               XXX.
1684
1685   OS/390, z/OS
1686       Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.
1687
1688       "sigaction"
1689               "SA_SIGINFO" can have segmentation faults.
1690
1691       "chcp"  chcp is supported as a shell utility for displaying and
1692               changing one's code page.  See also chcp(1).
1693
1694       dataset access
1695               For sequential data set access try:
1696
1697                   my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
1698
1699               or:
1700
1701                   my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
1702
1703               See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.
1704
1705       "iconv" iconv is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine.
1706               See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages.
1707
1708       locales Locales are supported.  There may be glitches when a locale is
1709               another EBCDIC code page which has some of the code-page
1710               variant characters in other positions.
1711
1712               There aren't currently any real UTF-8 locales, even though some
1713               locale names contain the string "UTF-8".
1714
1715               See perllocale for information on locales.  The L10N files are
1716               in /usr/nls/locale.  $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390
1717               or z/OS.
1718
1719   POSIX-BC?
1720       XXX.
1721

BUGS

1723       ·   Not all shells will allow multiple "-e" string arguments to perl to
1724           be concatenated together properly as recipes in this document 0, 2,
1725           4, 5, and 6 might seem to imply.
1726
1727       ·   There are a significant number of test failures in the CPAN modules
1728           shipped with Perl v5.22 and 5.24.  These are only in modules not
1729           primarily maintained by Perl 5 porters.  Some of these are failures
1730           in the tests only: they don't realize that it is proper to get
1731           different results on EBCDIC platforms.  And some of the failures
1732           are real bugs.  If you compile and do a "make test" on Perl, all
1733           tests on the "/cpan" directory are skipped.
1734
1735           Encode partially works.
1736
1737       ·   In earlier Perl versions, when byte and character data were
1738           concatenated, the new string was sometimes created by decoding the
1739           byte strings as ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1), even if the old Unicode
1740           string used EBCDIC.
1741

SEE ALSO

1743       perllocale, perlfunc, perlunicode, utf8.
1744

REFERENCES

1746       <http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps>
1747
1748       <http://www.unicode.org/>
1749
1750       <http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/>
1751
1752       <http://www.wps.com/projects/codes/> ASCII: American Standard Code for
1753       Information Infiltration Tom Jennings, September 1999.
1754
1755       The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore
1756       ed., ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February
1757       2000.
1758
1759       CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - Reference and
1760       Registry, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.
1761
1762       "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing &
1763       Technology, #26 Vol. 10 Issue 4, August/September 1999; ISSN 1523-0309;
1764       Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.
1765
1766       Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication Fred B.
1767       Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 1998.
1768
1769       <http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM> IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The
1770       biggest Computer Goof Ever Robert Bemer.
1771

HISTORY

1773       15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp.
1774

AUTHOR

1776       Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 with CCSID 0819
1777       and 0037 help from Chris Leach and Andre Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as
1778       well as POSIX-BC help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de.
1779       Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and Joe
1780       Smith.  Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and registered
1781       service marks used in this document are the property of their
1782       respective owners.
1783
1784       Now maintained by Perl5 Porters.
1785
1786
1787
1788perl v5.26.3                      2018-03-23                     PERLEBCDIC(1)
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