1PERLEBCDIC(1)          Perl Programmers Reference Guide          PERLEBCDIC(1)
2
3
4

NAME

6       perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
7

DESCRIPTION

9       An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers on EBCDIC
10       based computers.
11
12       Portions of this document that are still incomplete are marked with
13       XXX.
14
15       Early Perl versions worked on some EBCDIC machines, but the last known
16       version that ran on EBCDIC was v5.8.7, until v5.22, when the Perl core
17       again works on z/OS.  Theoretically, it could work on OS/400 or
18       Siemens' BS2000  (or their successors), but this is untested.  In v5.22
19       and 5.24, not all the modules found on CPAN but shipped with core Perl
20       work on z/OS.
21
22       If you want to use Perl on a non-z/OS EBCDIC machine, please let us
23       know at <https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues>.
24
25       Writing Perl on an EBCDIC platform is really no different than writing
26       on an "ASCII" one, but with different underlying numbers, as we'll see
27       shortly.  You'll have to know something about those "ASCII" platforms
28       because the documentation is biased and will frequently use example
29       numbers that don't apply to EBCDIC.  There are also very few CPAN
30       modules that are written for EBCDIC and which don't work on ASCII;
31       instead the vast majority of CPAN modules are written for ASCII, and
32       some may happen to work on EBCDIC, while a few have been designed to
33       portably work on both.
34
35       If your code just uses the 52 letters A-Z and a-z, plus SPACE, the
36       digits 0-9, and the punctuation characters that Perl uses, plus a few
37       controls that are denoted by escape sequences like "\n" and "\t", then
38       there's nothing special about using Perl, and your code may very well
39       work on an ASCII machine without change.
40
41       But if you write code that uses "\005" to mean a TAB or "\xC1" to mean
42       an "A", or "\xDF" to mean a "ye" (small "y" with a diaeresis), then
43       your code may well work on your EBCDIC platform, but not on an ASCII
44       one.  That's fine to do if no one will ever want to run your code on an
45       ASCII platform; but the bias in this document will be towards writing
46       code portable between EBCDIC and ASCII systems.  Again, if every
47       character you care about is easily enterable from your keyboard, you
48       don't have to know anything about ASCII, but many keyboards don't
49       easily allow you to directly enter, say, the character "\xDF", so you
50       have to specify it indirectly, such as by using the "\xDF" escape
51       sequence.  In those cases it's easiest to know something about the
52       ASCII/Unicode character sets.  If you know that the small "ye" is
53       "U+00FF", then you can instead specify it as "\N{U+FF}", and have the
54       computer automatically translate it to "\xDF" on your platform, and
55       leave it as "\xFF" on ASCII ones.  Or you could specify it by name,
56       "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS" and not have to know the
57       numbers.  Either way works, but both require familiarity with Unicode.
58

COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS

60   ASCII
61       The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII or US-
62       ASCII) is a set of integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that have
63       standardized interpretations by the computers which use ASCII.  For
64       example, 65 means the letter "A".  The range 0..127 can be covered by
65       setting various bits in a 7-bit binary digit, hence the set is
66       sometimes referred to as "7-bit ASCII".  ASCII was described by the
67       American National Standards Institute document ANSI X3.4-1986.  It was
68       also described by ISO 646:1991 (with localization for currency
69       symbols).  The full ASCII set is given in the table below as the first
70       128 elements.  Languages that can be written adequately with the
71       characters in ASCII include English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and
72       some Native American languages.
73
74       Most non-EBCDIC character sets are supersets of ASCII.  That is the
75       integers 0-127 mean what ASCII says they mean.  But integers 128 and
76       above are specific to the character set.
77
78       Many of these fit entirely into 8 bits, using ASCII as 0-127, while
79       specifying what 128-255 mean, and not using anything above 255.  Thus,
80       these are single-byte (or octet if you prefer) character sets.  One
81       important one (since Unicode is a superset of it) is the ISO 8859-1
82       character set.
83
84   ISO 8859
85       The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the
86       International Organization for Standardization (ISO), each of which
87       adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in various
88       languages, many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
89       Most are for European languages, but there are also ones for Arabic,
90       Greek, Hebrew, and Thai.  There are good references on the web about
91       all these.
92
93   Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
94       A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute
95       accented Latin characters.  Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1
96       include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans,
97       Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian,
98       Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish.  Dutch is covered albeit without the
99       ij ligature.  French is covered too but without the oe ligature.
100       German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style quotation
101       marks.  This set is based on Western European extensions to ASCII and
102       is commonly encountered in world wide web work.  In IBM character code
103       set identification terminology, ISO 8859-1 is also known as CCSID 819
104       (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).
105
106   EBCDIC
107       The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a large
108       collection of single- and multi-byte coded character sets that are
109       quite different from ASCII and ISO 8859-1, and are all slightly
110       different from each other; they typically run on host computers.  The
111       EBCDIC encodings derive from 8-bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched
112       card encodings, which long predate ASCII.  The layout on the cards was
113       such that high bits were set for the upper and lower case alphabetic
114       characters "[a-z]" and "[A-Z]", but there were gaps within each Latin
115       alphabet range, visible in the table below.  These gaps can cause
116       complications.
117
118       Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set
119       identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers.
120
121       Perl can be compiled on platforms that run any of three commonly used
122       EBCDIC character sets, listed below.
123
124       The 13 variant characters
125
126       Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that are
127       often mapped to different integer values.  Those characters are known
128       as the 13 "variant" characters and are:
129
130           \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `
131
132       When Perl is compiled for a platform, it looks at all of these
133       characters to guess which EBCDIC character set the platform uses, and
134       adapts itself accordingly to that platform.  If the platform uses a
135       character set that is not one of the three Perl knows about, Perl will
136       either fail to compile, or mistakenly and silently choose one of the
137       three.
138
139       The Line Feed (LF) character is actually a 14th variant character, and
140       Perl checks for that as well.
141
142       EBCDIC code sets recognized by Perl
143
144       0037
145           Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1
146           characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set.  0037 is used in
147           North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system that
148           runs on AS/400 computers.  CCSID 0037 differs from ISO 8859-1 in
149           236 places; in other words they agree on only 20 code point values.
150
151       1047
152           Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus
153           Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set.  1047 is
154           used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition
155           for VM/ESA.  CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places,
156           and from ISO 8859-1 in 236.
157
158       POSIX-BC
159           The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct
160           from 1047 and 0037.  It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.
161           Like 0037 and 1047, it is the same as ISO 8859-1 in 20 code point
162           values.
163
164   Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points
165       In Unicode terminology a code point is the number assigned to a
166       character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned
167       the number 193.  In Unicode, the character "A" is assigned the number
168       65.  All the code points in ASCII and Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) have the
169       same meaning in Unicode.  All three of the recognized EBCDIC code sets
170       have 256 code points, and in each code set, all 256 code points are
171       mapped to equivalent Latin1 code points.  Obviously, "A" will map to
172       "A", "B" => "B", "%" => "%", etc., for all printable characters in
173       Latin1 and these code pages.
174
175       It also turns out that EBCDIC has nearly precise equivalents for the
176       ASCII/Latin1 C0 controls and the DELETE control.  (The C0 controls are
177       those whose ASCII code points are 0..0x1F; things like TAB, ACK, BEL,
178       etc.)  A mapping is set up between these ASCII/EBCDIC controls.  There
179       isn't such a precise mapping between the C1 controls on ASCII platforms
180       and the remaining EBCDIC controls.  What has been done is to map these
181       controls, mostly arbitrarily, to some otherwise unmatched character in
182       the other character set.  Most of these are very very rarely used
183       nowadays in EBCDIC anyway, and their names have been dropped, without
184       much complaint.  For example the EO (Eight Ones) EBCDIC control
185       (consisting of eight one bits = 0xFF) is mapped to the C1 APC control
186       (0x9F), and you can't use the name "EO".
187
188       The EBCDIC controls provide three possible line terminator characters,
189       CR (0x0D), LF (0x25), and NL (0x15).  On ASCII platforms, the symbols
190       "NL" and "LF" refer to the same character, but in strict EBCDIC
191       terminology they are different ones.  The EBCDIC NL is mapped to the C1
192       control called "NEL" ("Next Line"; here's a case where the mapping
193       makes quite a bit of sense, and hence isn't just arbitrary).  On some
194       EBCDIC platforms, this NL or NEL is the typical line terminator.  This
195       is true of z/OS and BS2000.  In these platforms, the C compilers will
196       swap the LF and NEL code points, so that "\n" is 0x15, and refers to
197       NL.  Perl does that too; you can see it in the code chart below.  This
198       makes things generally "just work" without you even having to be aware
199       that there is a swap.
200
201   Unicode and UTF
202       UTF stands for "Unicode Transformation Format".  UTF-8 is an encoding
203       of Unicode into a sequence of 8-bit byte chunks, based on ASCII and
204       Latin-1.  The length of a sequence required to represent a Unicode code
205       point depends on the ordinal number of that code point, with larger
206       numbers requiring more bytes.  UTF-EBCDIC is like UTF-8, but based on
207       EBCDIC.  They are enough alike that often, casual usage will conflate
208       the two terms, and use "UTF-8" to mean both the UTF-8 found on ASCII
209       platforms, and the UTF-EBCDIC found on EBCDIC ones.
210
211       You may see the term "invariant" character or code point.  This simply
212       means that the character has the same numeric value and representation
213       when encoded in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) as when not.  (Note that this is
214       a very different concept from "The 13 variant characters" mentioned
215       above.  Careful prose will use the term "UTF-8 invariant" instead of
216       just "invariant", but most often you'll see just "invariant".) For
217       example, the ordinal value of "A" is 193 in most EBCDIC code pages, and
218       also is 193 when encoded in UTF-EBCDIC.  All UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC)
219       variant code points occupy at least two bytes when encoded in UTF-8 (or
220       UTF-EBCDIC); by definition, the UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) invariant code
221       points are exactly one byte whether encoded in UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC),
222       or not.  (By now you see why people typically just say "UTF-8" when
223       they also mean "UTF-EBCDIC".  For the rest of this document, we'll
224       mostly be casual about it too.)  In ASCII UTF-8, the code points
225       corresponding to the lowest 128 ordinal numbers (0 - 127: the ASCII
226       characters) are invariant.  In UTF-EBCDIC, there are 160 invariant
227       characters.  (If you care, the EBCDIC invariants are those characters
228       which have ASCII equivalents, plus those that correspond to the C1
229       controls (128 - 159 on ASCII platforms).)
230
231       A string encoded in UTF-EBCDIC may be longer (very rarely shorter) than
232       one encoded in UTF-8.  Perl extends both UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC so that
233       they can encode code points above the Unicode maximum of U+10FFFF.
234       Both extensions are constructed to allow encoding of any code point
235       that fits in a 64-bit word.
236
237       UTF-EBCDIC is defined by Unicode Technical Report #16
238       <https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr16> (often referred to as just
239       TR16).  It is defined based on CCSID 1047, not allowing for the
240       differences for other code pages.  This allows for easy interchange of
241       text between computers running different code pages, but makes it
242       unusable, without adaptation, for Perl on those other code pages.
243
244       The reason for this unusability is that a fundamental assumption of
245       Perl is that the characters it cares about for parsing and lexical
246       analysis are the same whether or not the text is in UTF-8.  For
247       example, Perl expects the character "[" to have the same
248       representation, no matter if the string containing it (or program text)
249       is UTF-8 encoded or not.  To ensure this, Perl adapts UTF-EBCDIC to the
250       particular code page so that all characters it expects to be UTF-8
251       invariant are in fact UTF-8 invariant.  This means that text generated
252       on a computer running one version of Perl's UTF-EBCDIC has to be
253       translated to be intelligible to a computer running another.
254
255       TR16 implies a method to extend UTF-EBCDIC to encode points up through
256       "2 ** 31 - 1".  Perl uses this method for code points up through
257       "2 ** 30 - 1", but uses an incompatible method for larger ones, to
258       enable it to handle much larger code points than otherwise.
259
260   Using Encode
261       Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard module Encode to
262       translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points.  Encode knows about more
263       EBCDIC character sets than Perl can currently be compiled to run on.
264
265          use Encode 'from_to';
266
267          my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
268
269          # $a is in EBCDIC code points
270          from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1');
271          # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
272
273       and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points
274
275          use Encode 'from_to';
276
277          my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
278
279          # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
280          from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'});
281          # $a is in EBCDIC code points
282
283       For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features
284       of PerlIO, see perluniintro.
285
286       Since version 5.8 Perl uses the PerlIO I/O library.  This enables you
287       to use different encodings per IO channel.  For example you may use
288
289           use Encode;
290           open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii");
291           print $f "Hello World!\n";
292           open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic");
293           print $f "Hello World!\n";
294           open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1");
295           print $f "Hello World!\n";
296           open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8");
297           print $f "Hello World!\n";
298
299       to get four files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 0037 EBCDIC,
300       ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII since only
301       ASCII characters were printed), and UTF-EBCDIC (in this example
302       identical to normal EBCDIC since only characters that don't differ
303       between EBCDIC and UTF-EBCDIC were printed).  See the documentation of
304       Encode::PerlIO for details.
305
306       As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally
307       ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC).
308

SINGLE OCTET TABLES

310       The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including
311       the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f),
312       C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff).  In the
313       table names of the Latin 1 extensions to ASCII have been labelled with
314       character names roughly corresponding to The Unicode Standard, Version
315       6.1 albeit with substitutions such as "s/LATIN//" and "s/VULGAR//" in
316       all cases; "s/CAPITAL LETTER//" in some cases; and
317       "s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/" in some other cases.  Controls are
318       listed using their Unicode 6.2 abbreviations.  The differences between
319       the 0037 and 1047 sets are flagged with "**".  The differences between
320       the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets are flagged with "##."  All "ord()" numbers
321       listed are decimal.  If you would rather see this table listing octal
322       values, then run the table (that is, the pod source text of this
323       document, since this recipe may not work with a pod2_other_format
324       translation) through:
325
326       recipe 0
327
328           perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
329            -e '{printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \
330            perlebcdic.pod
331
332       If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you
333       might want to write:
334
335       recipe 1
336
337        open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
338        while (<FH>) {
339            if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)
340                                                            \s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/x)
341            {
342                if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
343                    printf(
344                       "%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%.03o\n",
345                                                   $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
346                }
347                elsif ($7 ne '') {
348                    printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-3o.%-5o%.03o\n",
349                                                  $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
350                }
351                else {
352                    printf("%s%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%-5.03o%.03o\n",
353                                                       $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
354                }
355            }
356        }
357
358       If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then run
359       the table through:
360
361       recipe 2
362
363           perl -ne 'if(/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
364            -e '{printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%.02X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' \
365            perlebcdic.pod
366
367       Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:
368
369       recipe 3
370
371        open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
372        while (<FH>) {
373            if (/(.{29})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)
374                                                            \s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/x)
375            {
376                if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
377                    printf(
378                       "%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X.%02X\n",
379                                                  $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
380                }
381                elsif ($7 ne '') {
382                    printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-2X.%-6.02X%02X\n",
383                                                     $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
384                }
385                else {
386                    printf("%s%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%-5.02X%02X\n",
387                                                         $1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
388                }
389            }
390        }
391
392
393                                 ISO
394                                8859-1             POS-         CCSID
395                                CCSID  CCSID CCSID IX-          1047
396         chr                     0819   0037 1047  BC  UTF-8  UTF-EBCDIC
397        ---------------------------------------------------------------------
398        <NUL>                       0    0    0    0    0        0
399        <SOH>                       1    1    1    1    1        1
400        <STX>                       2    2    2    2    2        2
401        <ETX>                       3    3    3    3    3        3
402        <EOT>                       4    55   55   55   4        55
403        <ENQ>                       5    45   45   45   5        45
404        <ACK>                       6    46   46   46   6        46
405        <BEL>                       7    47   47   47   7        47
406        <BS>                        8    22   22   22   8        22
407        <HT>                        9    5    5    5    9        5
408        <LF>                        10   37   21   21   10       21  **
409        <VT>                        11   11   11   11   11       11
410        <FF>                        12   12   12   12   12       12
411        <CR>                        13   13   13   13   13       13
412        <SO>                        14   14   14   14   14       14
413        <SI>                        15   15   15   15   15       15
414        <DLE>                       16   16   16   16   16       16
415        <DC1>                       17   17   17   17   17       17
416        <DC2>                       18   18   18   18   18       18
417        <DC3>                       19   19   19   19   19       19
418        <DC4>                       20   60   60   60   20       60
419        <NAK>                       21   61   61   61   21       61
420        <SYN>                       22   50   50   50   22       50
421        <ETB>                       23   38   38   38   23       38
422        <CAN>                       24   24   24   24   24       24
423        <EOM>                       25   25   25   25   25       25
424        <SUB>                       26   63   63   63   26       63
425        <ESC>                       27   39   39   39   27       39
426        <FS>                        28   28   28   28   28       28
427        <GS>                        29   29   29   29   29       29
428        <RS>                        30   30   30   30   30       30
429        <US>                        31   31   31   31   31       31
430        <SPACE>                     32   64   64   64   32       64
431        !                           33   90   90   90   33       90
432        "                           34   127  127  127  34       127
433        #                           35   123  123  123  35       123
434        $                           36   91   91   91   36       91
435        %                           37   108  108  108  37       108
436        &                           38   80   80   80   38       80
437        '                           39   125  125  125  39       125
438        (                           40   77   77   77   40       77
439        )                           41   93   93   93   41       93
440        *                           42   92   92   92   42       92
441        +                           43   78   78   78   43       78
442        ,                           44   107  107  107  44       107
443        -                           45   96   96   96   45       96
444        .                           46   75   75   75   46       75
445        /                           47   97   97   97   47       97
446        0                           48   240  240  240  48       240
447        1                           49   241  241  241  49       241
448        2                           50   242  242  242  50       242
449        3                           51   243  243  243  51       243
450        4                           52   244  244  244  52       244
451        5                           53   245  245  245  53       245
452        6                           54   246  246  246  54       246
453        7                           55   247  247  247  55       247
454        8                           56   248  248  248  56       248
455        9                           57   249  249  249  57       249
456        :                           58   122  122  122  58       122
457        ;                           59   94   94   94   59       94
458        <                           60   76   76   76   60       76
459        =                           61   126  126  126  61       126
460        >                           62   110  110  110  62       110
461        ?                           63   111  111  111  63       111
462        @                           64   124  124  124  64       124
463        A                           65   193  193  193  65       193
464        B                           66   194  194  194  66       194
465        C                           67   195  195  195  67       195
466        D                           68   196  196  196  68       196
467        E                           69   197  197  197  69       197
468        F                           70   198  198  198  70       198
469        G                           71   199  199  199  71       199
470        H                           72   200  200  200  72       200
471        I                           73   201  201  201  73       201
472        J                           74   209  209  209  74       209
473        K                           75   210  210  210  75       210
474        L                           76   211  211  211  76       211
475        M                           77   212  212  212  77       212
476        N                           78   213  213  213  78       213
477        O                           79   214  214  214  79       214
478        P                           80   215  215  215  80       215
479        Q                           81   216  216  216  81       216
480        R                           82   217  217  217  82       217
481        S                           83   226  226  226  83       226
482        T                           84   227  227  227  84       227
483        U                           85   228  228  228  85       228
484        V                           86   229  229  229  86       229
485        W                           87   230  230  230  87       230
486        X                           88   231  231  231  88       231
487        Y                           89   232  232  232  89       232
488        Z                           90   233  233  233  90       233
489        [                           91   186  173  187  91       173  ** ##
490        \                           92   224  224  188  92       224  ##
491        ]                           93   187  189  189  93       189  **
492        ^                           94   176  95   106  94       95   ** ##
493        _                           95   109  109  109  95       109
494        `                           96   121  121  74   96       121  ##
495        a                           97   129  129  129  97       129
496        b                           98   130  130  130  98       130
497        c                           99   131  131  131  99       131
498        d                           100  132  132  132  100      132
499        e                           101  133  133  133  101      133
500        f                           102  134  134  134  102      134
501        g                           103  135  135  135  103      135
502        h                           104  136  136  136  104      136
503        i                           105  137  137  137  105      137
504        j                           106  145  145  145  106      145
505        k                           107  146  146  146  107      146
506        l                           108  147  147  147  108      147
507        m                           109  148  148  148  109      148
508        n                           110  149  149  149  110      149
509        o                           111  150  150  150  111      150
510        p                           112  151  151  151  112      151
511        q                           113  152  152  152  113      152
512        r                           114  153  153  153  114      153
513        s                           115  162  162  162  115      162
514        t                           116  163  163  163  116      163
515        u                           117  164  164  164  117      164
516        v                           118  165  165  165  118      165
517        w                           119  166  166  166  119      166
518        x                           120  167  167  167  120      167
519        y                           121  168  168  168  121      168
520        z                           122  169  169  169  122      169
521        {                           123  192  192  251  123      192  ##
522        |                           124  79   79   79   124      79
523        }                           125  208  208  253  125      208  ##
524        ~                           126  161  161  255  126      161  ##
525        <DEL>                       127  7    7    7    127      7
526        <PAD>                       128  32   32   32   194.128  32
527        <HOP>                       129  33   33   33   194.129  33
528        <BPH>                       130  34   34   34   194.130  34
529        <NBH>                       131  35   35   35   194.131  35
530        <IND>                       132  36   36   36   194.132  36
531        <NEL>                       133  21   37   37   194.133  37   **
532        <SSA>                       134  6    6    6    194.134  6
533        <ESA>                       135  23   23   23   194.135  23
534        <HTS>                       136  40   40   40   194.136  40
535        <HTJ>                       137  41   41   41   194.137  41
536        <VTS>                       138  42   42   42   194.138  42
537        <PLD>                       139  43   43   43   194.139  43
538        <PLU>                       140  44   44   44   194.140  44
539        <RI>                        141  9    9    9    194.141  9
540        <SS2>                       142  10   10   10   194.142  10
541        <SS3>                       143  27   27   27   194.143  27
542        <DCS>                       144  48   48   48   194.144  48
543        <PU1>                       145  49   49   49   194.145  49
544        <PU2>                       146  26   26   26   194.146  26
545        <STS>                       147  51   51   51   194.147  51
546        <CCH>                       148  52   52   52   194.148  52
547        <MW>                        149  53   53   53   194.149  53
548        <SPA>                       150  54   54   54   194.150  54
549        <EPA>                       151  8    8    8    194.151  8
550        <SOS>                       152  56   56   56   194.152  56
551        <SGC>                       153  57   57   57   194.153  57
552        <SCI>                       154  58   58   58   194.154  58
553        <CSI>                       155  59   59   59   194.155  59
554        <ST>                        156  4    4    4    194.156  4
555        <OSC>                       157  20   20   20   194.157  20
556        <PM>                        158  62   62   62   194.158  62
557        <APC>                       159  255  255  95   194.159  255      ##
558        <NON-BREAKING SPACE>        160  65   65   65   194.160  128.65
559        <INVERTED "!" >             161  170  170  170  194.161  128.66
560        <CENT SIGN>                 162  74   74   176  194.162  128.67   ##
561        <POUND SIGN>                163  177  177  177  194.163  128.68
562        <CURRENCY SIGN>             164  159  159  159  194.164  128.69
563        <YEN SIGN>                  165  178  178  178  194.165  128.70
564        <BROKEN BAR>                166  106  106  208  194.166  128.71   ##
565        <SECTION SIGN>              167  181  181  181  194.167  128.72
566        <DIAERESIS>                 168  189  187  121  194.168  128.73   ** ##
567        <COPYRIGHT SIGN>            169  180  180  180  194.169  128.74
568        <FEMININE ORDINAL>          170  154  154  154  194.170  128.81
569        <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET>   171  138  138  138  194.171  128.82
570        <NOT SIGN>                  172  95   176  186  194.172  128.83   ** ##
571        <SOFT HYPHEN>               173  202  202  202  194.173  128.84
572        <REGISTERED TRADE MARK>     174  175  175  175  194.174  128.85
573        <MACRON>                    175  188  188  161  194.175  128.86   ##
574        <DEGREE SIGN>               176  144  144  144  194.176  128.87
575        <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN>        177  143  143  143  194.177  128.88
576        <SUPERSCRIPT TWO>           178  234  234  234  194.178  128.89
577        <SUPERSCRIPT THREE>         179  250  250  250  194.179  128.98
578        <ACUTE ACCENT>              180  190  190  190  194.180  128.99
579        <MICRO SIGN>                181  160  160  160  194.181  128.100
580        <PARAGRAPH SIGN>            182  182  182  182  194.182  128.101
581        <MIDDLE DOT>                183  179  179  179  194.183  128.102
582        <CEDILLA>                   184  157  157  157  194.184  128.103
583        <SUPERSCRIPT ONE>           185  218  218  218  194.185  128.104
584        <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR>   186  155  155  155  194.186  128.105
585        <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET>  187  139  139  139  194.187  128.106
586        <FRACTION ONE QUARTER>      188  183  183  183  194.188  128.112
587        <FRACTION ONE HALF>         189  184  184  184  194.189  128.113
588        <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS>   190  185  185  185  194.190  128.114
589        <INVERTED QUESTION MARK>    191  171  171  171  194.191  128.115
590        <A WITH GRAVE>              192  100  100  100  195.128  138.65
591        <A WITH ACUTE>              193  101  101  101  195.129  138.66
592        <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         194  98   98   98   195.130  138.67
593        <A WITH TILDE>              195  102  102  102  195.131  138.68
594        <A WITH DIAERESIS>          196  99   99   99   195.132  138.69
595        <A WITH RING ABOVE>         197  103  103  103  195.133  138.70
596        <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE>       198  158  158  158  195.134  138.71
597        <C WITH CEDILLA>            199  104  104  104  195.135  138.72
598        <E WITH GRAVE>              200  116  116  116  195.136  138.73
599        <E WITH ACUTE>              201  113  113  113  195.137  138.74
600        <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         202  114  114  114  195.138  138.81
601        <E WITH DIAERESIS>          203  115  115  115  195.139  138.82
602        <I WITH GRAVE>              204  120  120  120  195.140  138.83
603        <I WITH ACUTE>              205  117  117  117  195.141  138.84
604        <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         206  118  118  118  195.142  138.85
605        <I WITH DIAERESIS>          207  119  119  119  195.143  138.86
606        <CAPITAL LETTER ETH>        208  172  172  172  195.144  138.87
607        <N WITH TILDE>              209  105  105  105  195.145  138.88
608        <O WITH GRAVE>              210  237  237  237  195.146  138.89
609        <O WITH ACUTE>              211  238  238  238  195.147  138.98
610        <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         212  235  235  235  195.148  138.99
611        <O WITH TILDE>              213  239  239  239  195.149  138.100
612        <O WITH DIAERESIS>          214  236  236  236  195.150  138.101
613        <MULTIPLICATION SIGN>       215  191  191  191  195.151  138.102
614        <O WITH STROKE>             216  128  128  128  195.152  138.103
615        <U WITH GRAVE>              217  253  253  224  195.153  138.104  ##
616        <U WITH ACUTE>              218  254  254  254  195.154  138.105
617        <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         219  251  251  221  195.155  138.106  ##
618        <U WITH DIAERESIS>          220  252  252  252  195.156  138.112
619        <Y WITH ACUTE>              221  173  186  173  195.157  138.113  ** ##
620        <CAPITAL LETTER THORN>      222  174  174  174  195.158  138.114
621        <SMALL LETTER SHARP S>      223  89   89   89   195.159  138.115
622        <a WITH GRAVE>              224  68   68   68   195.160  139.65
623        <a WITH ACUTE>              225  69   69   69   195.161  139.66
624        <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         226  66   66   66   195.162  139.67
625        <a WITH TILDE>              227  70   70   70   195.163  139.68
626        <a WITH DIAERESIS>          228  67   67   67   195.164  139.69
627        <a WITH RING ABOVE>         229  71   71   71   195.165  139.70
628        <SMALL LIGATURE ae>         230  156  156  156  195.166  139.71
629        <c WITH CEDILLA>            231  72   72   72   195.167  139.72
630        <e WITH GRAVE>              232  84   84   84   195.168  139.73
631        <e WITH ACUTE>              233  81   81   81   195.169  139.74
632        <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         234  82   82   82   195.170  139.81
633        <e WITH DIAERESIS>          235  83   83   83   195.171  139.82
634        <i WITH GRAVE>              236  88   88   88   195.172  139.83
635        <i WITH ACUTE>              237  85   85   85   195.173  139.84
636        <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         238  86   86   86   195.174  139.85
637        <i WITH DIAERESIS>          239  87   87   87   195.175  139.86
638        <SMALL LETTER eth>          240  140  140  140  195.176  139.87
639        <n WITH TILDE>              241  73   73   73   195.177  139.88
640        <o WITH GRAVE>              242  205  205  205  195.178  139.89
641        <o WITH ACUTE>              243  206  206  206  195.179  139.98
642        <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         244  203  203  203  195.180  139.99
643        <o WITH TILDE>              245  207  207  207  195.181  139.100
644        <o WITH DIAERESIS>          246  204  204  204  195.182  139.101
645        <DIVISION SIGN>             247  225  225  225  195.183  139.102
646        <o WITH STROKE>             248  112  112  112  195.184  139.103
647        <u WITH GRAVE>              249  221  221  192  195.185  139.104  ##
648        <u WITH ACUTE>              250  222  222  222  195.186  139.105
649        <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         251  219  219  219  195.187  139.106
650        <u WITH DIAERESIS>          252  220  220  220  195.188  139.112
651        <y WITH ACUTE>              253  141  141  141  195.189  139.113
652        <SMALL LETTER thorn>        254  142  142  142  195.190  139.114
653        <y WITH DIAERESIS>          255  223  223  223  195.191  139.115
654
655       If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than
656       ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through:
657
658       recipe 4
659
660        perl \
661           -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
662            -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
663            -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
664            -e '          sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
665            -e '          map{[$_,substr($_,34,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
666
667       If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the number
668       34 in the last line to 39, like this:
669
670       recipe 5
671
672        perl \
673           -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
674           -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
675           -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
676           -e '          sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
677           -e '          map{[$_,substr($_,39,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
678
679       If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the number 34
680       in the last line to 44, like this:
681
682       recipe 6
683
684        perl \
685           -ne 'if(/.{29}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}\s{2,4}\d{1,3}/)'\
686            -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
687            -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
688            -e '          sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
689            -e '          map{[$_,substr($_,44,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
690
691   Table in hex, sorted in 1047 order
692       Since this document was first written, the convention has become more
693       and more to use hexadecimal notation for code points.  To do this with
694       the recipes and to also sort is a multi-step process, so here, for
695       convenience, is the table from above, re-sorted to be in Code Page 1047
696       order, and using hex notation.
697
698                                 ISO
699                                8859-1             POS-         CCSID
700                                CCSID  CCSID CCSID IX-          1047
701         chr                     0819   0037 1047  BC  UTF-8  UTF-EBCDIC
702        ---------------------------------------------------------------------
703        <NUL>                       00   00   00   00   00       00
704        <SOH>                       01   01   01   01   01       01
705        <STX>                       02   02   02   02   02       02
706        <ETX>                       03   03   03   03   03       03
707        <ST>                        9C   04   04   04   C2.9C    04
708        <HT>                        09   05   05   05   09       05
709        <SSA>                       86   06   06   06   C2.86    06
710        <DEL>                       7F   07   07   07   7F       07
711        <EPA>                       97   08   08   08   C2.97    08
712        <RI>                        8D   09   09   09   C2.8D    09
713        <SS2>                       8E   0A   0A   0A   C2.8E    0A
714        <VT>                        0B   0B   0B   0B   0B       0B
715        <FF>                        0C   0C   0C   0C   0C       0C
716        <CR>                        0D   0D   0D   0D   0D       0D
717        <SO>                        0E   0E   0E   0E   0E       0E
718        <SI>                        0F   0F   0F   0F   0F       0F
719        <DLE>                       10   10   10   10   10       10
720        <DC1>                       11   11   11   11   11       11
721        <DC2>                       12   12   12   12   12       12
722        <DC3>                       13   13   13   13   13       13
723        <OSC>                       9D   14   14   14   C2.9D    14
724        <LF>                        0A   25   15   15   0A       15    **
725        <BS>                        08   16   16   16   08       16
726        <ESA>                       87   17   17   17   C2.87    17
727        <CAN>                       18   18   18   18   18       18
728        <EOM>                       19   19   19   19   19       19
729        <PU2>                       92   1A   1A   1A   C2.92    1A
730        <SS3>                       8F   1B   1B   1B   C2.8F    1B
731        <FS>                        1C   1C   1C   1C   1C       1C
732        <GS>                        1D   1D   1D   1D   1D       1D
733        <RS>                        1E   1E   1E   1E   1E       1E
734        <US>                        1F   1F   1F   1F   1F       1F
735        <PAD>                       80   20   20   20   C2.80    20
736        <HOP>                       81   21   21   21   C2.81    21
737        <BPH>                       82   22   22   22   C2.82    22
738        <NBH>                       83   23   23   23   C2.83    23
739        <IND>                       84   24   24   24   C2.84    24
740        <NEL>                       85   15   25   25   C2.85    25     **
741        <ETB>                       17   26   26   26   17       26
742        <ESC>                       1B   27   27   27   1B       27
743        <HTS>                       88   28   28   28   C2.88    28
744        <HTJ>                       89   29   29   29   C2.89    29
745        <VTS>                       8A   2A   2A   2A   C2.8A    2A
746        <PLD>                       8B   2B   2B   2B   C2.8B    2B
747        <PLU>                       8C   2C   2C   2C   C2.8C    2C
748        <ENQ>                       05   2D   2D   2D   05       2D
749        <ACK>                       06   2E   2E   2E   06       2E
750        <BEL>                       07   2F   2F   2F   07       2F
751        <DCS>                       90   30   30   30   C2.90    30
752        <PU1>                       91   31   31   31   C2.91    31
753        <SYN>                       16   32   32   32   16       32
754        <STS>                       93   33   33   33   C2.93    33
755        <CCH>                       94   34   34   34   C2.94    34
756        <MW>                        95   35   35   35   C2.95    35
757        <SPA>                       96   36   36   36   C2.96    36
758        <EOT>                       04   37   37   37   04       37
759        <SOS>                       98   38   38   38   C2.98    38
760        <SGC>                       99   39   39   39   C2.99    39
761        <SCI>                       9A   3A   3A   3A   C2.9A    3A
762        <CSI>                       9B   3B   3B   3B   C2.9B    3B
763        <DC4>                       14   3C   3C   3C   14       3C
764        <NAK>                       15   3D   3D   3D   15       3D
765        <PM>                        9E   3E   3E   3E   C2.9E    3E
766        <SUB>                       1A   3F   3F   3F   1A       3F
767        <SPACE>                     20   40   40   40   20       40
768        <NON-BREAKING SPACE>        A0   41   41   41   C2.A0    80.41
769        <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         E2   42   42   42   C3.A2    8B.43
770        <a WITH DIAERESIS>          E4   43   43   43   C3.A4    8B.45
771        <a WITH GRAVE>              E0   44   44   44   C3.A0    8B.41
772        <a WITH ACUTE>              E1   45   45   45   C3.A1    8B.42
773        <a WITH TILDE>              E3   46   46   46   C3.A3    8B.44
774        <a WITH RING ABOVE>         E5   47   47   47   C3.A5    8B.46
775        <c WITH CEDILLA>            E7   48   48   48   C3.A7    8B.48
776        <n WITH TILDE>              F1   49   49   49   C3.B1    8B.58
777        <CENT SIGN>                 A2   4A   4A   B0   C2.A2    80.43  ##
778        .                           2E   4B   4B   4B   2E       4B
779        <                           3C   4C   4C   4C   3C       4C
780        (                           28   4D   4D   4D   28       4D
781        +                           2B   4E   4E   4E   2B       4E
782        |                           7C   4F   4F   4F   7C       4F
783        &                           26   50   50   50   26       50
784        <e WITH ACUTE>              E9   51   51   51   C3.A9    8B.4A
785        <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         EA   52   52   52   C3.AA    8B.51
786        <e WITH DIAERESIS>          EB   53   53   53   C3.AB    8B.52
787        <e WITH GRAVE>              E8   54   54   54   C3.A8    8B.49
788        <i WITH ACUTE>              ED   55   55   55   C3.AD    8B.54
789        <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         EE   56   56   56   C3.AE    8B.55
790        <i WITH DIAERESIS>          EF   57   57   57   C3.AF    8B.56
791        <i WITH GRAVE>              EC   58   58   58   C3.AC    8B.53
792        <SMALL LETTER SHARP S>      DF   59   59   59   C3.9F    8A.73
793        !                           21   5A   5A   5A   21       5A
794        $                           24   5B   5B   5B   24       5B
795        *                           2A   5C   5C   5C   2A       5C
796        )                           29   5D   5D   5D   29       5D
797        ;                           3B   5E   5E   5E   3B       5E
798        ^                           5E   B0   5F   6A   5E       5F     ** ##
799        -                           2D   60   60   60   2D       60
800        /                           2F   61   61   61   2F       61
801        <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         C2   62   62   62   C3.82    8A.43
802        <A WITH DIAERESIS>          C4   63   63   63   C3.84    8A.45
803        <A WITH GRAVE>              C0   64   64   64   C3.80    8A.41
804        <A WITH ACUTE>              C1   65   65   65   C3.81    8A.42
805        <A WITH TILDE>              C3   66   66   66   C3.83    8A.44
806        <A WITH RING ABOVE>         C5   67   67   67   C3.85    8A.46
807        <C WITH CEDILLA>            C7   68   68   68   C3.87    8A.48
808        <N WITH TILDE>              D1   69   69   69   C3.91    8A.58
809        <BROKEN BAR>                A6   6A   6A   D0   C2.A6    80.47  ##
810        ,                           2C   6B   6B   6B   2C       6B
811        %                           25   6C   6C   6C   25       6C
812        _                           5F   6D   6D   6D   5F       6D
813        >                           3E   6E   6E   6E   3E       6E
814        ?                           3F   6F   6F   6F   3F       6F
815        <o WITH STROKE>             F8   70   70   70   C3.B8    8B.67
816        <E WITH ACUTE>              C9   71   71   71   C3.89    8A.4A
817        <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         CA   72   72   72   C3.8A    8A.51
818        <E WITH DIAERESIS>          CB   73   73   73   C3.8B    8A.52
819        <E WITH GRAVE>              C8   74   74   74   C3.88    8A.49
820        <I WITH ACUTE>              CD   75   75   75   C3.8D    8A.54
821        <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         CE   76   76   76   C3.8E    8A.55
822        <I WITH DIAERESIS>          CF   77   77   77   C3.8F    8A.56
823        <I WITH GRAVE>              CC   78   78   78   C3.8C    8A.53
824        `                           60   79   79   4A   60       79     ##
825        :                           3A   7A   7A   7A   3A       7A
826        #                           23   7B   7B   7B   23       7B
827        @                           40   7C   7C   7C   40       7C
828        '                           27   7D   7D   7D   27       7D
829        =                           3D   7E   7E   7E   3D       7E
830        "                           22   7F   7F   7F   22       7F
831        <O WITH STROKE>             D8   80   80   80   C3.98    8A.67
832        a                           61   81   81   81   61       81
833        b                           62   82   82   82   62       82
834        c                           63   83   83   83   63       83
835        d                           64   84   84   84   64       84
836        e                           65   85   85   85   65       85
837        f                           66   86   86   86   66       86
838        g                           67   87   87   87   67       87
839        h                           68   88   88   88   68       88
840        i                           69   89   89   89   69       89
841        <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET>   AB   8A   8A   8A   C2.AB    80.52
842        <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET>  BB   8B   8B   8B   C2.BB    80.6A
843        <SMALL LETTER eth>          F0   8C   8C   8C   C3.B0    8B.57
844        <y WITH ACUTE>              FD   8D   8D   8D   C3.BD    8B.71
845        <SMALL LETTER thorn>        FE   8E   8E   8E   C3.BE    8B.72
846        <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN>        B1   8F   8F   8F   C2.B1    80.58
847        <DEGREE SIGN>               B0   90   90   90   C2.B0    80.57
848        j                           6A   91   91   91   6A       91
849        k                           6B   92   92   92   6B       92
850        l                           6C   93   93   93   6C       93
851        m                           6D   94   94   94   6D       94
852        n                           6E   95   95   95   6E       95
853        o                           6F   96   96   96   6F       96
854        p                           70   97   97   97   70       97
855        q                           71   98   98   98   71       98
856        r                           72   99   99   99   72       99
857        <FEMININE ORDINAL>          AA   9A   9A   9A   C2.AA    80.51
858        <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR>   BA   9B   9B   9B   C2.BA    80.69
859        <SMALL LIGATURE ae>         E6   9C   9C   9C   C3.A6    8B.47
860        <CEDILLA>                   B8   9D   9D   9D   C2.B8    80.67
861        <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE>       C6   9E   9E   9E   C3.86    8A.47
862        <CURRENCY SIGN>             A4   9F   9F   9F   C2.A4    80.45
863        <MICRO SIGN>                B5   A0   A0   A0   C2.B5    80.64
864        ~                           7E   A1   A1   FF   7E       A1     ##
865        s                           73   A2   A2   A2   73       A2
866        t                           74   A3   A3   A3   74       A3
867        u                           75   A4   A4   A4   75       A4
868        v                           76   A5   A5   A5   76       A5
869        w                           77   A6   A6   A6   77       A6
870        x                           78   A7   A7   A7   78       A7
871        y                           79   A8   A8   A8   79       A8
872        z                           7A   A9   A9   A9   7A       A9
873        <INVERTED "!" >             A1   AA   AA   AA   C2.A1    80.42
874        <INVERTED QUESTION MARK>    BF   AB   AB   AB   C2.BF    80.73
875        <CAPITAL LETTER ETH>        D0   AC   AC   AC   C3.90    8A.57
876        [                           5B   BA   AD   BB   5B       AD     ** ##
877        <CAPITAL LETTER THORN>      DE   AE   AE   AE   C3.9E    8A.72
878        <REGISTERED TRADE MARK>     AE   AF   AF   AF   C2.AE    80.55
879        <NOT SIGN>                  AC   5F   B0   BA   C2.AC    80.53  ** ##
880        <POUND SIGN>                A3   B1   B1   B1   C2.A3    80.44
881        <YEN SIGN>                  A5   B2   B2   B2   C2.A5    80.46
882        <MIDDLE DOT>                B7   B3   B3   B3   C2.B7    80.66
883        <COPYRIGHT SIGN>            A9   B4   B4   B4   C2.A9    80.4A
884        <SECTION SIGN>              A7   B5   B5   B5   C2.A7    80.48
885        <PARAGRAPH SIGN>            B6   B6   B6   B6   C2.B6    80.65
886        <FRACTION ONE QUARTER>      BC   B7   B7   B7   C2.BC    80.70
887        <FRACTION ONE HALF>         BD   B8   B8   B8   C2.BD    80.71
888        <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS>   BE   B9   B9   B9   C2.BE    80.72
889        <Y WITH ACUTE>              DD   AD   BA   AD   C3.9D    8A.71  ** ##
890        <DIAERESIS>                 A8   BD   BB   79   C2.A8    80.49  ** ##
891        <MACRON>                    AF   BC   BC   A1   C2.AF    80.56  ##
892        ]                           5D   BB   BD   BD   5D       BD     **
893        <ACUTE ACCENT>              B4   BE   BE   BE   C2.B4    80.63
894        <MULTIPLICATION SIGN>       D7   BF   BF   BF   C3.97    8A.66
895        {                           7B   C0   C0   FB   7B       C0     ##
896        A                           41   C1   C1   C1   41       C1
897        B                           42   C2   C2   C2   42       C2
898        C                           43   C3   C3   C3   43       C3
899        D                           44   C4   C4   C4   44       C4
900        E                           45   C5   C5   C5   45       C5
901        F                           46   C6   C6   C6   46       C6
902        G                           47   C7   C7   C7   47       C7
903        H                           48   C8   C8   C8   48       C8
904        I                           49   C9   C9   C9   49       C9
905        <SOFT HYPHEN>               AD   CA   CA   CA   C2.AD    80.54
906        <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         F4   CB   CB   CB   C3.B4    8B.63
907        <o WITH DIAERESIS>          F6   CC   CC   CC   C3.B6    8B.65
908        <o WITH GRAVE>              F2   CD   CD   CD   C3.B2    8B.59
909        <o WITH ACUTE>              F3   CE   CE   CE   C3.B3    8B.62
910        <o WITH TILDE>              F5   CF   CF   CF   C3.B5    8B.64
911        }                           7D   D0   D0   FD   7D       D0     ##
912        J                           4A   D1   D1   D1   4A       D1
913        K                           4B   D2   D2   D2   4B       D2
914        L                           4C   D3   D3   D3   4C       D3
915        M                           4D   D4   D4   D4   4D       D4
916        N                           4E   D5   D5   D5   4E       D5
917        O                           4F   D6   D6   D6   4F       D6
918        P                           50   D7   D7   D7   50       D7
919        Q                           51   D8   D8   D8   51       D8
920        R                           52   D9   D9   D9   52       D9
921        <SUPERSCRIPT ONE>           B9   DA   DA   DA   C2.B9    80.68
922        <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         FB   DB   DB   DB   C3.BB    8B.6A
923        <u WITH DIAERESIS>          FC   DC   DC   DC   C3.BC    8B.70
924        <u WITH GRAVE>              F9   DD   DD   C0   C3.B9    8B.68  ##
925        <u WITH ACUTE>              FA   DE   DE   DE   C3.BA    8B.69
926        <y WITH DIAERESIS>          FF   DF   DF   DF   C3.BF    8B.73
927        \                           5C   E0   E0   BC   5C       E0     ##
928        <DIVISION SIGN>             F7   E1   E1   E1   C3.B7    8B.66
929        S                           53   E2   E2   E2   53       E2
930        T                           54   E3   E3   E3   54       E3
931        U                           55   E4   E4   E4   55       E4
932        V                           56   E5   E5   E5   56       E5
933        W                           57   E6   E6   E6   57       E6
934        X                           58   E7   E7   E7   58       E7
935        Y                           59   E8   E8   E8   59       E8
936        Z                           5A   E9   E9   E9   5A       E9
937        <SUPERSCRIPT TWO>           B2   EA   EA   EA   C2.B2    80.59
938        <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         D4   EB   EB   EB   C3.94    8A.63
939        <O WITH DIAERESIS>          D6   EC   EC   EC   C3.96    8A.65
940        <O WITH GRAVE>              D2   ED   ED   ED   C3.92    8A.59
941        <O WITH ACUTE>              D3   EE   EE   EE   C3.93    8A.62
942        <O WITH TILDE>              D5   EF   EF   EF   C3.95    8A.64
943        0                           30   F0   F0   F0   30       F0
944        1                           31   F1   F1   F1   31       F1
945        2                           32   F2   F2   F2   32       F2
946        3                           33   F3   F3   F3   33       F3
947        4                           34   F4   F4   F4   34       F4
948        5                           35   F5   F5   F5   35       F5
949        6                           36   F6   F6   F6   36       F6
950        7                           37   F7   F7   F7   37       F7
951        8                           38   F8   F8   F8   38       F8
952        9                           39   F9   F9   F9   39       F9
953        <SUPERSCRIPT THREE>         B3   FA   FA   FA   C2.B3    80.62
954        <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX>         DB   FB   FB   DD   C3.9B    8A.6A  ##
955        <U WITH DIAERESIS>          DC   FC   FC   FC   C3.9C    8A.70
956        <U WITH GRAVE>              D9   FD   FD   E0   C3.99    8A.68  ##
957        <U WITH ACUTE>              DA   FE   FE   FE   C3.9A    8A.69
958        <APC>                       9F   FF   FF   5F   C2.9F    FF     ##
959

IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS

961       It is possible to determine which character set you are operating
962       under.  But first you need to be really really sure you need to do
963       this.  Your code will be simpler and probably just as portable if you
964       don't have to test the character set and do different things,
965       depending.  There are actually only very few circumstances where it's
966       not easy to write straight-line code portable to all character sets.
967       See "Unicode and EBCDIC" in perluniintro for how to portably specify
968       characters.
969
970       But there are some cases where you may want to know which character set
971       you are running under.  One possible example is doing sorting in inner
972       loops where performance is critical.
973
974       To determine if you are running under ASCII or EBCDIC, you can use the
975       return value of "ord()" or "chr()" to test one or more character
976       values.  For example:
977
978           $is_ascii  = "A" eq chr(65);
979           $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
980           $is_ascii  = ord("A") == 65;
981           $is_ebcdic = ord("A") == 193;
982
983       There's even less need to distinguish between EBCDIC code pages, but to
984       do so try looking at one or more of the characters that differ between
985       them.
986
987           $is_ascii           = ord('[') == 91;
988           $is_ebcdic_37       = ord('[') == 186;
989           $is_ebcdic_1047     = ord('[') == 173;
990           $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
991
992       However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
993
994           $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13);  #  WRONG
995           $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10);  #  ILL ADVISED
996
997       Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII
998       platforms from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC
999       platform since ""\r" eq chr(13)" under all of those coded character
1000       sets.  But note too that because "\n" is "chr(13)" and "\r" is
1001       "chr(10)" on old Macintosh (which is an ASCII platform) the second
1002       $is_ascii test will lead to trouble there.
1003
1004       To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC code page
1005       you can use the Config module like so:
1006
1007           use Config;
1008           $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
1009

CONVERSIONS

1011   "utf8::unicode_to_native()" and "utf8::native_to_unicode()"
1012       These functions take an input numeric code point in one encoding and
1013       return what its equivalent value is in the other.
1014
1015       See utf8.
1016
1017   tr///
1018       In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to
1019       another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the
1020       above table, along with Perl's "tr///" operator is all that is needed.
1021       The data in the table are in ASCII/Latin1 order, hence the EBCDIC
1022       columns provide easy-to-use ASCII/Latin1 to EBCDIC operations that are
1023       also easily reversed.
1024
1025       For example, to convert ASCII/Latin1 to code page 037 take the output
1026       of the second numbers column from the output of recipe 2 (modified to
1027       add "\" characters), and use it in "tr///" like so:
1028
1029           $cp_037 =
1030           '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x37\x2D\x2E\x2F\x16\x05\x25\x0B\x0C\x0D\x0E\x0F' .
1031           '\x10\x11\x12\x13\x3C\x3D\x32\x26\x18\x19\x3F\x27\x1C\x1D\x1E\x1F' .
1032           '\x40\x5A\x7F\x7B\x5B\x6C\x50\x7D\x4D\x5D\x5C\x4E\x6B\x60\x4B\x61' .
1033           '\xF0\xF1\xF2\xF3\xF4\xF5\xF6\xF7\xF8\xF9\x7A\x5E\x4C\x7E\x6E\x6F' .
1034           '\x7C\xC1\xC2\xC3\xC4\xC5\xC6\xC7\xC8\xC9\xD1\xD2\xD3\xD4\xD5\xD6' .
1035           '\xD7\xD8\xD9\xE2\xE3\xE4\xE5\xE6\xE7\xE8\xE9\xBA\xE0\xBB\xB0\x6D' .
1036           '\x79\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96' .
1037           '\x97\x98\x99\xA2\xA3\xA4\xA5\xA6\xA7\xA8\xA9\xC0\x4F\xD0\xA1\x07' .
1038           '\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x15\x06\x17\x28\x29\x2A\x2B\x2C\x09\x0A\x1B' .
1039           '\x30\x31\x1A\x33\x34\x35\x36\x08\x38\x39\x3A\x3B\x04\x14\x3E\xFF' .
1040           '\x41\xAA\x4A\xB1\x9F\xB2\x6A\xB5\xBD\xB4\x9A\x8A\x5F\xCA\xAF\xBC' .
1041           '\x90\x8F\xEA\xFA\xBE\xA0\xB6\xB3\x9D\xDA\x9B\x8B\xB7\xB8\xB9\xAB' .
1042           '\x64\x65\x62\x66\x63\x67\x9E\x68\x74\x71\x72\x73\x78\x75\x76\x77' .
1043           '\xAC\x69\xED\xEE\xEB\xEF\xEC\xBF\x80\xFD\xFE\xFB\xFC\xAD\xAE\x59' .
1044           '\x44\x45\x42\x46\x43\x47\x9C\x48\x54\x51\x52\x53\x58\x55\x56\x57' .
1045           '\x8C\x49\xCD\xCE\xCB\xCF\xCC\xE1\x70\xDD\xDE\xDB\xDC\x8D\x8E\xDF';
1046
1047           my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
1048           eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
1049
1050       To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr///
1051       arguments like so:
1052
1053           my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
1054           eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
1055
1056       Similarly one could take the output of the third numbers column from
1057       recipe 2 to obtain a $cp_1047 table.  The fourth numbers column of the
1058       output from recipe 2 could provide a $cp_posix_bc table suitable for
1059       transcoding as well.
1060
1061       If you wanted to see the inverse tables, you would first have to sort
1062       on the desired numbers column as in recipes 4, 5 or 6, then take the
1063       output of the first numbers column.
1064
1065   iconv
1066       XPG operability often implies the presence of an iconv utility
1067       available from the shell or from the C library.  Consult your system's
1068       documentation for information on iconv.
1069
1070       On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage.  One way to invoke the
1071       "iconv" shell utility from within perl would be to:
1072
1073           # OS/390 or z/OS example
1074           $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
1075
1076       or the inverse map:
1077
1078           # OS/390 or z/OS example
1079           $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
1080
1081       For other Perl-based conversion options see the "Convert::*" modules on
1082       CPAN.
1083
1084   C RTL
1085       The OS/390 and z/OS C run-time libraries provide "_atoe()" and
1086       "_etoa()" functions.
1087

OPERATOR DIFFERENCES

1089       The ".." range operator treats certain character ranges with care on
1090       EBCDIC platforms.  For example the following array will have twenty six
1091       elements on either an EBCDIC platform or an ASCII platform:
1092
1093           @alphabet = ('A'..'Z');   #  $#alphabet == 25
1094
1095       The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results when
1096       operating on string or character data in a Perl program running on an
1097       EBCDIC platform than when run on an ASCII platform.  Here is an example
1098       adapted from the one in perlop:
1099
1100           # EBCDIC-based examples
1101           print "j p \n" ^ " a h";                      # prints "JAPH\n"
1102           print "JA" | "  ph\n";                        # prints "japh\n"
1103           print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277";  # prints "japh\n";
1104           print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n";                      # prints "Perl\n";
1105
1106       An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters in the ASCII
1107       table is that they can "literally" be constructed as control characters
1108       in Perl, e.g. "(chr(0)" eq "\c@")> "(chr(1)" eq "\cA")>, and so on.
1109       Perl on EBCDIC platforms has been ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and
1110       "\cA" to chr(1), etc. as well, but the characters that result depend on
1111       which code page you are using.  The table below uses the standard
1112       acronyms for the controls.  The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are identical
1113       throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only one spot (21
1114       decimal).  Note that the line terminator character may be generated by
1115       "\cJ" on ASCII platforms but by "\cU" on 1047 or POSIX-BC platforms and
1116       cannot be generated as a "\c.letter." control character on 0037
1117       platforms.  Note also that "\c\" cannot be the final element in a
1118       string or regex, as it will absorb the terminator.   But "\c\X" is a
1119       "FILE SEPARATOR" concatenated with X for all X.  The outlier "\c?" on
1120       ASCII, which yields a non-C0 control "DEL", yields the outlier control
1121       "APC" on EBCDIC, the one that isn't in the block of contiguous
1122       controls.  Note that a subtlety of this is that "\c?" on ASCII
1123       platforms is an ASCII character, while it isn't equivalent to any ASCII
1124       character in EBCDIC platforms.
1125
1126        chr   ord   8859-1    0037    1047 && POSIX-BC
1127        -----------------------------------------------------------------------
1128        \c@     0   <NUL>     <NUL>        <NUL>
1129        \cA     1   <SOH>     <SOH>        <SOH>
1130        \cB     2   <STX>     <STX>        <STX>
1131        \cC     3   <ETX>     <ETX>        <ETX>
1132        \cD     4   <EOT>     <ST>         <ST>
1133        \cE     5   <ENQ>     <HT>         <HT>
1134        \cF     6   <ACK>     <SSA>        <SSA>
1135        \cG     7   <BEL>     <DEL>        <DEL>
1136        \cH     8   <BS>      <EPA>        <EPA>
1137        \cI     9   <HT>      <RI>         <RI>
1138        \cJ    10   <LF>      <SS2>        <SS2>
1139        \cK    11   <VT>      <VT>         <VT>
1140        \cL    12   <FF>      <FF>         <FF>
1141        \cM    13   <CR>      <CR>         <CR>
1142        \cN    14   <SO>      <SO>         <SO>
1143        \cO    15   <SI>      <SI>         <SI>
1144        \cP    16   <DLE>     <DLE>        <DLE>
1145        \cQ    17   <DC1>     <DC1>        <DC1>
1146        \cR    18   <DC2>     <DC2>        <DC2>
1147        \cS    19   <DC3>     <DC3>        <DC3>
1148        \cT    20   <DC4>     <OSC>        <OSC>
1149        \cU    21   <NAK>     <NEL>        <LF>              **
1150        \cV    22   <SYN>     <BS>         <BS>
1151        \cW    23   <ETB>     <ESA>        <ESA>
1152        \cX    24   <CAN>     <CAN>        <CAN>
1153        \cY    25   <EOM>     <EOM>        <EOM>
1154        \cZ    26   <SUB>     <PU2>        <PU2>
1155        \c[    27   <ESC>     <SS3>        <SS3>
1156        \c\X   28   <FS>X     <FS>X        <FS>X
1157        \c]    29   <GS>      <GS>         <GS>
1158        \c^    30   <RS>      <RS>         <RS>
1159        \c_    31   <US>      <US>         <US>
1160        \c?    *    <DEL>     <APC>        <APC>
1161
1162       "*" Note: "\c?" maps to ordinal 127 ("DEL") on ASCII platforms, but
1163       since ordinal 127 is a not a control character on EBCDIC machines,
1164       "\c?" instead maps on them to "APC", which is 255 in 0037 and 1047, and
1165       95 in POSIX-BC.
1166

FUNCTION DIFFERENCES

1168       "chr()" "chr()" must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a
1169               desired character return value on an EBCDIC platform.  For
1170               example:
1171
1172                   $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
1173
1174       "ord()" "ord()" will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC
1175               platform.  For example:
1176
1177                   $the_number_193 = ord("A");
1178
1179       "pack()"
1180               The "c" and "C" templates for "pack()" are dependent upon
1181               character set encoding.  Examples of usage on EBCDIC include:
1182
1183                   $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
1184                   # $foo eq "ABCD"
1185                   $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
1186                   # same thing
1187
1188                   $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
1189                   # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"
1190
1191               The "U" template has been ported to mean "Unicode" on all
1192               platforms so that
1193
1194                   pack("U", 65) eq 'A'
1195
1196               is true on all platforms.  If you want native code points for
1197               the low 256, use the "W" template.  This means that the
1198               equivalences
1199
1200                   pack("W", ord($character)) eq $character
1201                   unpack("W", $character) == ord $character
1202
1203               will hold.
1204
1205       "print()"
1206               One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to
1207               print that contain ASCII encodings.  One common place for this
1208               to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for CGI
1209               script writing.  For example, many Perl programming guides
1210               recommend something similar to:
1211
1212                   print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
1213                   # this may be wrong on EBCDIC
1214
1215               You can instead write
1216
1217                   print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et al
1218
1219               and have it work portably.
1220
1221               That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done by
1222               the web server in this case.  Consult your web server's
1223               documentation for further details.
1224
1225       "printf()"
1226               The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice
1227               versa will be different from their ASCII counterparts when
1228               executed on an EBCDIC platform.  Examples include:
1229
1230                   printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195);  # prints ABC
1231
1232       "sort()"
1233               EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results
1234               especially for mixed case strings.  This is discussed in more
1235               detail below.
1236
1237       "sprintf()"
1238               See the discussion of "printf()" above.  An example of the use
1239               of sprintf would be:
1240
1241                   $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
1242
1243       "unpack()"
1244               See the discussion of "pack()" above.
1245
1246       Note that it is possible to write portable code for these by specifying
1247       things in Unicode numbers, and using a conversion function:
1248
1249           printf("%c",utf8::unicode_to_native(65));  # prints A on all
1250                                                      # platforms
1251           print utf8::native_to_unicode(ord("A"));   # Likewise, prints 65
1252
1253       See "Unicode and EBCDIC" in perluniintro and "CONVERSIONS" for other
1254       options.
1255

REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES

1257       You can write your regular expressions just like someone on an ASCII
1258       platform would do.  But keep in mind that using octal or hex notation
1259       to specify a particular code point will give you the character that the
1260       EBCDIC code page natively maps to it.   (This is also true of all
1261       double-quoted strings.)  If you want to write portably, just use the
1262       "\N{U+...}" notation everywhere where you would have used "\x{...}",
1263       and don't use octal notation at all.
1264
1265       Starting in Perl v5.22, this applies to ranges in bracketed character
1266       classes.  If you say, for example, "qr/[\N{U+20}-\N{U+7F}]/", it means
1267       the characters "\N{U+20}", "\N{U+21}", ..., "\N{U+7F}".  This range is
1268       all the printable characters that the ASCII character set contains.
1269
1270       Prior to v5.22, you couldn't specify any ranges portably, except
1271       (starting in Perl v5.5.3) all subsets of the "[A-Z]" and "[a-z]" ranges
1272       are specially coded to not pick up gap characters.  For example,
1273       characters such as "o" ("o WITH CIRCUMFLEX") that lie between "I" and
1274       "J" would not be matched by the regular expression range "/[H-K]/".
1275       But if either of the range end points is explicitly numeric (and
1276       neither is specified by "\N{U+...}"), the gap characters are matched:
1277
1278           /[\x89-\x91]/
1279
1280       will match "\x8e", even though "\x89" is "i" and "\x91 " is "j", and
1281       "\x8e" is a gap character, from the alphabetic viewpoint.
1282
1283       Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex (unless
1284       you use "\N{U+...}") or octal constants in regular expressions.
1285       Consider the following set of subs:
1286
1287           sub is_c0 {
1288               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1289               $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
1290           }
1291
1292           sub is_print_ascii {
1293               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1294               $char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
1295           }
1296
1297           sub is_delete {
1298               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1299               $char eq "\177";
1300           }
1301
1302           sub is_c1 {
1303               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1304               $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
1305           }
1306
1307           sub is_latin_1 {    # But not ASCII; not C1
1308               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1309               $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
1310           }
1311
1312       These are valid only on ASCII platforms.  Starting in Perl v5.22,
1313       simply changing the octal constants to equivalent "\N{U+...}" values
1314       makes them portable:
1315
1316           sub is_c0 {
1317               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1318               $char =~ /[\N{U+00}-\N{U+1F}]/;
1319           }
1320
1321           sub is_print_ascii {
1322               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1323               $char =~ /[\N{U+20}-\N{U+7E}]/;
1324           }
1325
1326           sub is_delete {
1327               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1328               $char eq "\N{U+7F}";
1329           }
1330
1331           sub is_c1 {
1332               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1333               $char =~ /[\N{U+80}-\N{U+9F}]/;
1334           }
1335
1336           sub is_latin_1 {    # But not ASCII; not C1
1337               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1338               $char =~ /[\N{U+A0}-\N{U+FF}]/;
1339           }
1340
1341       And here are some alternative portable ways to write them:
1342
1343           sub Is_c0 {
1344               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1345               return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/a && ! Is_delete($char);
1346
1347               # Alternatively:
1348               # return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/
1349               #        && $char =~ /[[:ascii:]]/
1350               #        && ! Is_delete($char);
1351           }
1352
1353           sub Is_print_ascii {
1354               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1355
1356               return $char =~ /[[:print:]]/a;
1357
1358               # Alternatively:
1359               # return $char =~ /[[:print:]]/ && $char =~ /[[:ascii:]]/;
1360
1361               # Or
1362               # return $char
1363               #      =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/;
1364           }
1365
1366           sub Is_delete {
1367               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1368               return utf8::native_to_unicode(ord $char) == 0x7F;
1369           }
1370
1371           sub Is_c1 {
1372               use feature 'unicode_strings';
1373               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1374               return $char =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/ && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/;
1375           }
1376
1377           sub Is_latin_1 {    # But not ASCII; not C1
1378               use feature 'unicode_strings';
1379               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1380               return ord($char) < 256
1381                      && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/
1382                      && $char !~ /[[:cntrl:]]/;
1383           }
1384
1385       Another way to write "Is_latin_1()" would be to use the characters in
1386       the range explicitly:
1387
1388           sub Is_latin_1 {
1389               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1390               $char =~ /[ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXAAAA~AeAaAECEEEEeIIIIe]
1391                         [D‐N~OOOO~OeXOUUUUeYLPssaaaa~aeaaaeceeeeeiiiied`n~oooo~oeXouuuueybpye]/x;
1392           }
1393
1394       Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the
1395       presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets.  But
1396       it does allow "Is_c1" to be rewritten so it works on Perls that don't
1397       have 'unicode_strings' (earlier than v5.14):
1398
1399           sub Is_latin_1 {    # But not ASCII; not C1
1400               my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1401               return ord($char) < 256
1402                      && $char !~ /[[:ascii:]]/
1403                      && ! Is_latin1($char);
1404           }
1405

SOCKETS

1407       Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network
1408       byte order.  Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a host web
1409       server where the server may take care of translation for you.  Most
1410       host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on
1411       output.
1412

SORTING

1414       One big difference between ASCII-based character sets and EBCDIC ones
1415       are the relative positions of the characters when sorted in native
1416       order.  Of most concern are the upper- and lowercase letters, the
1417       digits, and the underscore ("_").  On ASCII platforms the native sort
1418       order has the digits come before the uppercase letters which come
1419       before the underscore which comes before the lowercase letters.  On
1420       EBCDIC, the underscore comes first, then the lowercase letters, then
1421       the uppercase ones, and the digits last.  If sorted on an ASCII-based
1422       platform, the two-letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the
1423       two letter abbreviation for drive; that is:
1424
1425        @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.));  # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
1426                                         # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
1427
1428       The property of lowercase before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is even
1429       carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047.  An example
1430       would be that "Ee" ("E WITH DIAERESIS", 203) comes before "ee" ("e WITH
1431       DIAERESIS", 235) on an ASCII platform, but the latter (83) comes before
1432       the former (115) on an EBCDIC platform.  (Astute readers will note that
1433       the uppercase version of "ss" "SMALL LETTER SHARP S" is simply "SS" and
1434       that the upper case versions of "ye" (small "y WITH DIAERESIS") and "X"
1435       ("MICRO SIGN") are not in the 0..255 range but are in Unicode, in a
1436       Unicode enabled Perl).
1437
1438       The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on ASCII
1439       platforms versus EBCDIC platforms.  What follows are some suggestions
1440       on how to deal with these differences.
1441
1442   Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
1443       This is the least computationally expensive strategy.  It may require
1444       some user education.
1445
1446   Use a sort helper function
1447       This is completely general, but the most computationally expensive
1448       strategy.  Choose one or the other character set and transform to that
1449       for every sort comparison.  Here's a complete example that transforms
1450       to ASCII sort order:
1451
1452        sub native_to_uni($) {
1453           my $string = shift;
1454
1455           # Saves time on an ASCII platform
1456           return $string if ord 'A' ==  65;
1457
1458           my $output = "";
1459           for my $i (0 .. length($string) - 1) {
1460               $output
1461                  .= chr(utf8::native_to_unicode(ord(substr($string, $i, 1))));
1462           }
1463
1464           # Preserve utf8ness of input onto the output, even if it didn't need
1465           # to be utf8
1466           utf8::upgrade($output) if utf8::is_utf8($string);
1467
1468           return $output;
1469        }
1470
1471        sub ascii_order {   # Sort helper
1472           return native_to_uni($a) cmp native_to_uni($b);
1473        }
1474
1475        sort ascii_order @list;
1476
1477   MONO CASE then sort data (for non-digits, non-underscore)
1478       If you don't care about where digits and underscore sort to, you can do
1479       something like this
1480
1481        sub case_insensitive_order {   # Sort helper
1482           return lc($a) cmp lc($b)
1483        }
1484
1485        sort case_insensitive_order @list;
1486
1487       If performance is an issue, and you don't care if the output is in the
1488       same case as the input, Use "tr///" to transform to the case most
1489       employed within the data.  If the data are primarily UPPERCASE
1490       non-Latin1, then apply "tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/", and then "sort()".  If the
1491       data are primarily lowercase non Latin1 then apply "tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/"
1492       before sorting.  If the data are primarily UPPERCASE and include
1493       Latin-1 characters then apply:
1494
1495          tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
1496          tr/[aaaa~aeaaaeceeeeeiiiied`n~oooo~oeouuuueybp]/[AAAA~AeAaAECEEEEeIIIIeD‐N~OOOO~OeOUUUUeYLP/;
1497          s/ss/SS/g;
1498
1499       then "sort()".  If you have a choice, it's better to lowercase things
1500       to avoid the problems of the two Latin-1 characters whose uppercase is
1501       outside Latin-1: "ye" (small "y WITH DIAERESIS") and "X" ("MICRO
1502       SIGN").  If you do need to upppercase, you can; with a Unicode-enabled
1503       Perl, do:
1504
1505           tr/ye/\x{178}/;
1506           tr/X/\x{39C}/;
1507
1508   Perform sorting on one type of platform only.
1509       This strategy can employ a network connection.  As such it would be
1510       computationally expensive.
1511

TRANSFORMATION FORMATS

1513       There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra
1514       character set mapping that serve a variety of purposes.  Sorting was
1515       discussed in the previous section and a few of the other more popular
1516       mapping techniques are discussed next.
1517
1518   URL decoding and encoding
1519       Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an
1520       attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues.  For
1521       example the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the
1522       form:
1523
1524           http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
1525
1526       may also be expressed as either of:
1527
1528           http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
1529
1530           http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
1531
1532       where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for "~".  Here is an
1533       example of decoding such a URL in any EBCDIC code page:
1534
1535           $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
1536           $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/
1537                     pack("c",utf8::unicode_to_native(hex($1)))/xge;
1538
1539       Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such a
1540       URL in any EBCDIC code page:
1541
1542           $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
1543           # The following regular expression does not address the
1544           # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
1545           $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/
1546                      sprintf("%%%02X",utf8::native_to_unicode(ord($1)))/xge;
1547
1548       where a more complete solution would split the URL into components and
1549       apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts.
1550
1551   uu encoding and decoding
1552       The "u" template to "pack()" or "unpack()" will render EBCDIC data in
1553       EBCDIC characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts.  For example,
1554       the following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC
1555       computer:
1556
1557           $all_byte_chrs = '';
1558           for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
1559           $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
1560           ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
1561           M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
1562           M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
1563           M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
1564           MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S
1565           MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
1566           ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
1567           ENDOFHEREDOC
1568           if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
1569               print "Yes ";
1570           }
1571           $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
1572           if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
1573               print "indeed\n";
1574           }
1575
1576       Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC:
1577
1578           #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1579           $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/;
1580           open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
1581           while(<>) {
1582               last if /^end/;
1583               next if /[a-z]/;
1584               next unless int((((utf8::native_to_unicode(ord()) - 32 ) & 077)
1585                                                                      + 2) / 3)
1586                           == int(length() / 4);
1587               print OUT unpack("u", $_);
1588           }
1589           close(OUT);
1590           chmod oct($mode), $file;
1591
1592   Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
1593       On ASCII-encoded platforms it is possible to strip characters outside
1594       of the printable set using:
1595
1596           # This QP encoder works on ASCII only
1597           $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/
1598                           sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/xge;
1599
1600       Starting in Perl v5.22, this is trivially changeable to work portably
1601       on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms.
1602
1603           # This QP encoder works on both ASCII and EBCDIC
1604           $qp_string =~ s/([=\N{U+00}-\N{U+1F}\N{U+80}-\N{U+FF}])/
1605                           sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/xge;
1606
1607       For earlier Perls, a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC
1608       platforms would look somewhat like the following:
1609
1610           $delete = utf8::unicode_to_native(ord("\x7F"));
1611           $qp_string =~
1612             s/([^[:print:]$delete])/
1613                sprintf("=%02X",utf8::native_to_unicode(ord($1)))/xage;
1614
1615       (although in production code the substitutions might be done in the
1616       EBCDIC branch with the function call and separately in the ASCII branch
1617       without the expense of the identity map; in Perl v5.22, the identity
1618       map is optimized out so there is no expense, but the alternative above
1619       is simpler and is also available in v5.22).
1620
1621       Such QP strings can be decoded with:
1622
1623           # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
1624           $string =~ s/=([[:xdigit:][[:xdigit:])/chr hex $1/ge;
1625           $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1626
1627       Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms
1628       would look somewhat like the following:
1629
1630           $string =~ s/=([[:xdigit:][:xdigit:]])/
1631                                       chr utf8::native_to_unicode(hex $1)/xge;
1632           $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1633
1634   Caesarean ciphers
1635       The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for
1636       encipherment dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed
1637       by Gaius Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars text.  A single alphabet
1638       shift is sometimes referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is
1639       given as a number $n after the string 'rot' or "rot$n".  Rot0 and rot26
1640       would designate identity maps on the 26-letter English version of the
1641       Latin alphabet.  Rot13 has the interesting property that alternate
1642       subsequent invocations are identity maps (thus rot13 is its own non-
1643       trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet rotations).  Hence the
1644       following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will work on ASCII and
1645       EBCDIC platforms:
1646
1647           #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1648
1649           while(<>){
1650               tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
1651               print;
1652           }
1653
1654       In one-liner form:
1655
1656           perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'
1657

Hashing order and checksums

1659       Perl deliberately randomizes hash order for security purposes on both
1660       ASCII and EBCDIC platforms.
1661
1662       EBCDIC checksums will differ for the same file translated into ASCII
1663       and vice versa.
1664

I18N AND L10N

1666       Internationalization (I18N) and localization (L10N) are supported at
1667       least in principle even on EBCDIC platforms.  The details are system-
1668       dependent and discussed under the "OS ISSUES" section below.
1669

MULTI-OCTET CHARACTER SETS

1671       Perl works with UTF-EBCDIC, a multi-byte encoding.  In Perls earlier
1672       than v5.22, there may be various bugs in this regard.
1673
1674       Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX.
1675

OS ISSUES

1677       There may be a few system-dependent issues of concern to EBCDIC Perl
1678       programmers.
1679
1680   OS/400
1681       PASE    The PASE environment is a runtime environment for OS/400 that
1682               can run executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400; see
1683               perlos400.  PASE is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE.
1684
1685       IFS access
1686               XXX.
1687
1688   OS/390, z/OS
1689       Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.
1690
1691       "sigaction"
1692               "SA_SIGINFO" can have segmentation faults.
1693
1694       "chcp"  chcp is supported as a shell utility for displaying and
1695               changing one's code page.  See also chcp(1).
1696
1697       dataset access
1698               For sequential data set access try:
1699
1700                   my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
1701
1702               or:
1703
1704                   my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
1705
1706               See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.
1707
1708       "iconv" iconv is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine.
1709               See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages.
1710
1711       locales Locales are supported.  There may be glitches when a locale is
1712               another EBCDIC code page which has some of the code-page
1713               variant characters in other positions.
1714
1715               There aren't currently any real UTF-8 locales, even though some
1716               locale names contain the string "UTF-8".
1717
1718               See perllocale for information on locales.  The L10N files are
1719               in /usr/nls/locale.  $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390
1720               or z/OS.
1721
1722   POSIX-BC?
1723       XXX.
1724

BUGS

1726       •   Not all shells will allow multiple "-e" string arguments to perl to
1727           be concatenated together properly as recipes in this document 0, 2,
1728           4, 5, and 6 might seem to imply.
1729
1730       •   There are a significant number of test failures in the CPAN modules
1731           shipped with Perl v5.22 and 5.24.  These are only in modules not
1732           primarily maintained by Perl 5 porters.  Some of these are failures
1733           in the tests only: they don't realize that it is proper to get
1734           different results on EBCDIC platforms.  And some of the failures
1735           are real bugs.  If you compile and do a "make test" on Perl, all
1736           tests on the "/cpan" directory are skipped.
1737
1738           Encode partially works.
1739
1740       •   In earlier Perl versions, when byte and character data were
1741           concatenated, the new string was sometimes created by decoding the
1742           byte strings as ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1), even if the old Unicode
1743           string used EBCDIC.
1744

SEE ALSO

1746       perllocale, perlfunc, perlunicode, utf8.
1747

REFERENCES

1749       <http://std.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps>
1750
1751       <https://www.unicode.org/>
1752
1753       <https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr16/>
1754
1755       <https://www.sr-ix.com/Archive/CharCodeHist/index.html> ASCII: American
1756       Standard Code for Information Infiltration Tom Jennings, September
1757       1999.
1758
1759       The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore
1760       ed., ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February
1761       2000.
1762
1763       CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - Reference and
1764       Registry, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.
1765
1766       "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing &
1767       Technology, #26 Vol. 10 Issue 4, August/September 1999; ISSN 1523-0309;
1768       Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.
1769
1770       Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication Fred B.
1771       Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 1998.
1772
1773       <http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM> IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The
1774       biggest Computer Goof Ever Robert Bemer.
1775

HISTORY

1777       15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp.
1778

AUTHOR

1780       Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 with CCSID 0819
1781       and 0037 help from Chris Leach and Andre Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as
1782       well as POSIX-BC help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de.
1783       Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and Joe
1784       Smith.  Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and registered
1785       service marks used in this document are the property of their
1786       respective owners.
1787
1788       Now maintained by Perl5 Porters.
1789
1790
1791
1792perl v5.36.0                      2022-08-30                     PERLEBCDIC(1)
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