ls(1) - f7

1LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)
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NAME

6       ls - list directory contents
7

SYNOPSIS

9       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
10

DESCRIPTION

12       List  information  about  the FILEs (the current directory by default).
13       Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
14
15       Mandatory arguments to long options are  mandatory  for  short  options
16       too.
17
18       -a, --all
19              do not ignore entries starting with .
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21       -A, --almost-all
22              do not list implied . and ..
23
24       --author
25              with -l, print the author of each file
26
27       -b, --escape
28              print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
29
30       --block-size=SIZE
31              use SIZE-byte blocks
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33       -B, --ignore-backups
34              do not list implied entries ending with ~
35
36       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
37              file status information) with -l: show ctime and  sort  by  name
38              otherwise: sort by ctime
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40       -C     list entries by columns
41
42       --color[=WHEN]
43              control  whether  color is used to distinguish file types.  WHEN
44              may be `never', `always', or `auto'
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46       -d, --directory
47              list directory entries instead of contents, and do not  derefer‐
48              ence symbolic links
49
50       -D, --dired
51              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
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53       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
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55       -F, --classify
56              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
57
58       --file-type
59              likewise, except do not append `*'
60
61       --format=WORD
62              across  -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1,
63              verbose -l, vertical -C
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65       --full-time
66              like -l --time-style=full-iso
67
68       -g     like -l, but do not list owner
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70       --group-directories-first
71              group directories before files
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73       -G, --no-group
74              in a long listing, don't print group names
75
76       -h, --human-readable
77              with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
78
79       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
80
81       -H, --dereference-command-line
82              follow symbolic links listed on the command line
83
84       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
85              follow each command line symbolic link that points to  a  direc‐
86              tory
87
88       --hide=PATTERN
89              do  not  list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden
90              by -a or -A)
91
92       --indicator-style=WORD
93              append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
94              slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
95
96       -i, --inode
97              print the index number of each file
98
99       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
100              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
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102       -k     like --block-size=1K
103
104       -l     use a long listing format
105
106       -L, --dereference
107              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa‐
108              tion for the file the link references rather than for  the  link
109              itself
110
111       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries
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113       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
114              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
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116       -N, --literal
117              print  raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters spe‐
118              cially)
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120       -o     like -l, but do not list group information
121
122       -p, --indicator-style=slash
123              append / indicator to directories
124
125       -q, --hide-control-chars
126              print ? instead of non graphic characters
127
128       --show-control-chars
129              show non graphic characters as-is  (default  unless  program  is
130              `ls' and output is a terminal)
131
132       -Q, --quote-name
133              enclose entry names in double quotes
134
135       --quoting-style=WORD
136              use  quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
137              shell-always, c, escape
138
139       -r, --reverse
140              reverse order while sorting
141
142       -R, --recursive
143              list subdirectories recursively
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145       -s, --size
146              print the size of each file, in blocks
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148       -S     sort by file size
149
150       --sort=WORD
151              sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension  -X,  size  -S,
152              time -t, version -v
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154       --time=WORD
155              with  -l,  show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime
156              -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or  status  -c;  use  specified
157              time as sort key if --sort=time
158
159       --time-style=STYLE
160              with  -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso,
161              locale, +FORMAT.  FORMAT is interpreted like `date';  if  FORMAT
162              is  FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
163              and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-',
164              STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
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166       -t     sort by modification time
167
168       -T, --tabsize=COLS
169              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
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171       -u     with  -lt:  sort  by, and show, access time with -l: show access
172              time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
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174       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order
175
176       -v     sort by version
177
178       -w, --width=COLS
179              assume screen width instead of current value
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181       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns
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183       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension
184
185       -1     list one file per line
186
187       SELinux options:
188
189       --lcontext
190              Display security context.   Enable -l. Lines  will  probably  be
191              too wide for most displays.
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193       -Z, --context
194              Display  security context so it fits on most displays.  Displays
195              only mode, user, group, security context and file name.
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197       --scontext
198              Display only security context and file name.
199
200       --help display this help and exit
201
202       --version
203              output version information and exit
204
205       SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one  of  fol‐
206       lowing: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T,
207       P, E, Z, Y.
208
209       By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files.   That  is
210       equivalent to using --color=none.  Using the --color option without the
211       optional WHEN argument is equivalent  to  using  --color=always.   With
212       --color=auto,  color  codes  are output only if standard output is con‐
213       nected to a terminal (tty).  The  environment  variable  LS_COLORS  can
214       influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.
215
216       Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.
217

AUTHOR

219       Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.
220

REPORTING BUGS

222       Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
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COPYRIGHT

225       Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
226       This  is  free  software.   You may redistribute copies of it under the
227       terms      of      the      GNU      General       Public       License
228       <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.   There  is NO WARRANTY, to the
229       extent permitted by law.
230

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

AUTHOR

REPORTING BUGS

COPYRIGHT

SEE ALSO