1PERLEBCDIC(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLEBCDIC(1)
2
6 perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
7
9 An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers on EBCDIC
10 based computers. We do not cover localization, internationalization,
11 or multi byte character set issues other than some discussion of UTF-8
12 and UTF-EBCDIC.
13 Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX.
15
17 ASCII
18 The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a set of
20 integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character interpre‐
21 tation by the display and other system(s) of computers. The range
22 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary digit,
23 hence the set is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII". ASCII was
24 described by the American National Standards Institute document ANSI
25 X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991 (with localization
26 for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is given in the table below
27 as the first 128 elements. Languages that can be written adequately
28 with the characters in ASCII include English, Hawaiian, Indonesian,
29 Swahili and some Native American languages.
30 There are many character sets that extend the range of integers from
32 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer). One
33 common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set.
34 ISO 8859
36 The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the Inter‐
38 national Organization for Standardization (ISO) each of which adds
39 characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European lan‐
40 guages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
41 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
43 A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute
45 accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1
46 include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans, Alba‐
47 nian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian, Portuguese,
48 Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without the ij ligature.
49 French is covered too but without the oe ligature. German can use ISO
50 8859-1 but must do so without German-style quotation marks. This set
51 is based on Western European extensions to ASCII and is commonly
52 encountered in world wide web work. In IBM character code set identi‐
53 fication terminology ISO 8859-1 is also known as CCSID 819 (or some‐
54 times 0819 or even 00819).
55 EBCDIC
57 The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a large
59 collection of slightly different single and multi byte coded character
60 sets that are different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1 and typically run on
61 host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive from 8 bit byte extensions
62 of Hollerith punched card encodings. The layout on the cards was such
63 that high bits were set for the upper and lower case alphabet charac‐
64 ters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there were gaps within each latin alphabet
65 range.
66 Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set iden‐
68 tification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. Leading zero
69 digits in CCSID numbers within this document are insignificant. E.g.
70 CCSID 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places.
71 13 variant characters
73 Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that are
75 often mapped to different integer values. Those characters are known
76 as the 13 "variant" characters and are:
77 \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # ⎪ $ @ `
79 0037
81 Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1 char‐
83 acters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used in North Amer‐
84 ican English locales on the OS/400 operating system that runs on AS/400
85 computers. CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1 in 237 places, in other
86 words they agree on only 19 code point values.
87 1047
89 Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1
91 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is used under Unix
92 System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition for VM/ESA. CCSID
93 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places.
94 POSIX-BC
96 The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from
98 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.
99 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points
101 In Unicode terminology a code point is the number assigned to a charac‐
103 ter: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned the
104 number 193. In Unicode the character "A" is assigned the number 65.
105 This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack "U", which
106 are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to num‐
107 bers. The problem is: which code points to use for code points less
108 than 256? (for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points
109 are used) In EBCDIC, for the low 256 the EBCDIC code points are used.
110 This means that the equivalences
111 pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character
113 unpack("U", $character) == ord $character
114 will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over all
116 the possible code points, pack("U",ord("A")) would in EBCDIC equal A
117 with acute or chr(101), and unpack("U", "A") would equal 65, or non-
118 breaking space, not 193, or ord "A".)
119 Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC
121 · Many of the remaining seem to be related to case-insensitive match‐
123 ing: for example, "/[\x{131}]/" (LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I) does
124 not match "I" case-insensitively, as it should under Unicode. (The
125 match succeeds in ASCII-derived platforms.)
126 · The extensions Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalized are not
128 supported under EBCDIC, likewise for the encoding pragma.
129 Unicode and UTF
131 UTF is a Unicode Transformation Format. UTF-8 is a Unicode conforming
133 representation of the Unicode standard that looks very much like ASCII.
134 UTF-EBCDIC is an attempt to represent Unicode characters in an EBCDIC
135 transparent manner.
136 Using Encode
138 Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode to
140 translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points
141 use Encode 'from_to';
143 my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
145 # $a is in EBCDIC code points
147 from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1');
148 # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
149 and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points
151 use Encode 'from_to';
153 my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
155 # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
157 from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'});
158 # $a is in EBCDIC code points
159 For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features
161 of PerlIO, see perluniintro.
162 Since version 5.8 Perl uses the new PerlIO I/O library. This enables
164 you to use different encodings per IO channel. For example you may use
165 use Encode;
167 open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii");
168 print $f "Hello World!\n";
169 open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic");
170 print $f "Hello World!\n";
171 open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1");
172 print $f "Hello World!\n";
173 open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8");
174 print $f "Hello World!\n";
175 to get two files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 37 EBCDIC,
177 ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII) respective
178 UTF-EBCDIC (in this example identical to normal EBCDIC). See the docu‐
179 mentation of Encode::PerlIO for details.
180 As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally
182 ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC).
183
185 The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including
186 the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f),
187 C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the
188 table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1
189 extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly
190 corresponding to The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 albeit with substi‐
191 tutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases, s/CAPITAL LET‐
192 TER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/ in some other
193 cases (the "charnames" pragma names unfortunately do not list explicit
194 names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The "names" of the C1 con‐
195 trol set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1) listed here are somewhat arbitrary.
196 The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are flagged with ***.
197 The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets are flagged with
198 ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you would rather see
199 this table listing octal values then run the table (that is, the pod
200 version of this document since this recipe may not work with a
201 pod2_other_format translation) through:
202 recipe 0
204 perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
206 -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
207 If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you
209 might want to write:
210 recipe 1
212 open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
214 while (<FH>) {
215 if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) {
216 if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
217 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
218 }
219 elsif ($7 ne '') {
220 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
221 }
222 else {
223 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
224 }
225 }
226 }
227 If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then run
229 the table through:
230 recipe 2
232 perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
234 -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
235 Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:
237 recipe 3
239 open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
241 while (<FH>) {
242 if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) {
243 if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
244 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
245 }
246 elsif ($7 ne '') {
247 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
248 }
249 else {
250 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
251 }
252 }
253 }
254 incomp- incomp-
256 8859-1 lete lete
257 chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC
258 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
259 <NULL> 0 0 0 0 0 0
260 <START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1
261 <START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2
262 <END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3
263 <END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55
264 <ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45
265 <ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46
266 <BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47
267 <BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22
268 <HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5
269 <LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 ***
270 <VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11
271 <FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12
272 <CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13
273 <SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14
274 <SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15
275 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16
276 <DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17
277 <DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18
278 <DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19
279 <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60
280 <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61
281 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50
282 <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38
283 <CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24
284 <END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25
285 <SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63
286 <ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39
287 <FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28
288 <GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29
289 <RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30
290 <UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31
291 <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64
292 ! 33 90 90 90 33 90
293 " 34 127 127 127 34 127
294 # 35 123 123 123 35 123
295 $ 36 91 91 91 36 91
296 % 37 108 108 108 37 108
297 & 38 80 80 80 38 80
298 ' 39 125 125 125 39 125
299 ( 40 77 77 77 40 77
300 ) 41 93 93 93 41 93
301 * 42 92 92 92 42 92
302 + 43 78 78 78 43 78
303 , 44 107 107 107 44 107
304 - 45 96 96 96 45 96
305 . 46 75 75 75 46 75
306 / 47 97 97 97 47 97
307 0 48 240 240 240 48 240
308 1 49 241 241 241 49 241
309 2 50 242 242 242 50 242
310 3 51 243 243 243 51 243
311 4 52 244 244 244 52 244
312 5 53 245 245 245 53 245
313 6 54 246 246 246 54 246
314 7 55 247 247 247 55 247
315 8 56 248 248 248 56 248
316 9 57 249 249 249 57 249
317 : 58 122 122 122 58 122
318 ; 59 94 94 94 59 94
319 < 60 76 76 76 60 76
320 = 61 126 126 126 61 126
321 > 62 110 110 110 62 110
322 ? 63 111 111 111 63 111
323 @ 64 124 124 124 64 124
324 A 65 193 193 193 65 193
325 B 66 194 194 194 66 194
326 C 67 195 195 195 67 195
327 D 68 196 196 196 68 196
328 E 69 197 197 197 69 197
329 F 70 198 198 198 70 198
330 G 71 199 199 199 71 199
331 H 72 200 200 200 72 200
332 I 73 201 201 201 73 201
333 J 74 209 209 209 74 209
334 K 75 210 210 210 75 210
335 L 76 211 211 211 76 211
336 M 77 212 212 212 77 212
337 N 78 213 213 213 78 213
338 O 79 214 214 214 79 214
339 P 80 215 215 215 80 215
340 Q 81 216 216 216 81 216
341 R 82 217 217 217 82 217
342 S 83 226 226 226 83 226
343 T 84 227 227 227 84 227
344 U 85 228 228 228 85 228
345 V 86 229 229 229 86 229
346 W 87 230 230 230 87 230
347 X 88 231 231 231 88 231
348 Y 89 232 232 232 89 232
349 Z 90 233 233 233 90 233
350 [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ###
351 \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ###
352 ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 ***
353 ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ###
354 _ 95 109 109 109 95 109
355 ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ###
356 a 97 129 129 129 97 129
357 b 98 130 130 130 98 130
358 c 99 131 131 131 99 131
359 d 100 132 132 132 100 132
360 e 101 133 133 133 101 133
361 f 102 134 134 134 102 134
362 g 103 135 135 135 103 135
363 h 104 136 136 136 104 136
364 i 105 137 137 137 105 137
365 j 106 145 145 145 106 145
366 k 107 146 146 146 107 146
367 l 108 147 147 147 108 147
368 m 109 148 148 148 109 148
369 n 110 149 149 149 110 149
370 o 111 150 150 150 111 150
371 p 112 151 151 151 112 151
372 q 113 152 152 152 113 152
373 r 114 153 153 153 114 153
374 s 115 162 162 162 115 162
375 t 116 163 163 163 116 163
376 u 117 164 164 164 117 164
377 v 118 165 165 165 118 165
378 w 119 166 166 166 119 166
379 x 120 167 167 167 120 167
380 y 121 168 168 168 121 168
381 z 122 169 169 169 122 169
382 { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ###
383 ⎪ 124 79 79 79 124 79
384 } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ###
385 ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ###
386 <DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7
387 <C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32
388 <C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33
389 <C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34
390 <C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35
391 <C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36
392 <C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 ***
393 <C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6
394 <C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23
395 <C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40
396 <C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41
397 <C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42
398 <C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43
399 <C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44
400 <C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9
401 <C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10
402 <C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27
403 <C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48
404 <C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49
405 <C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26
406 <C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51
407 <C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52
408 <C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53
409 <C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54
410 <C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8
411 <C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56
412 <C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57
413 <C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58
414 <C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59
415 <C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4
416 <C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20
417 <C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62
418 <C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ###
419 <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65
420 <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66
421 <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ###
422 <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68
423 <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69
424 <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70
425 <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ###
426 <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72
427 <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ###
428 <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74
429 <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81
430 <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82
431 <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ###
432 <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84
433 <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85
434 <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ###
435 <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87
436 <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88
437 <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89
438 <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98
439 <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99
440 <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100
441 <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101
442 <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102
443 <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103
444 <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104
445 <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105
446 <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106
447 <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112
448 <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113
449 <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114
450 <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115
451 <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65
452 <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66
453 <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67
454 <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68
455 <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69
456 <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70
457 <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71
458 <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72
459 <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73
460 <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74
461 <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81
462 <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82
463 <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83
464 <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84
465 <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85
466 <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86
467 <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87
468 <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88
469 <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89
470 <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98
471 <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99
472 <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100
473 <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101
474 <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102
475 <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103
476 <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ###
477 <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105
478 <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ###
479 <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112
480 <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ###
481 <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114
482 <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115
483 <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65
484 <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66
485 <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67
486 <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68
487 <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69
488 <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70
489 <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71
490 <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72
491 <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73
492 <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74
493 <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81
494 <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82
495 <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83
496 <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84
497 <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85
498 <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86
499 <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87
500 <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88
501 <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89
502 <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98
503 <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99
504 <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100
505 <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101
506 <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102
507 <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103
508 <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ###
509 <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105
510 <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106
511 <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112
512 <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113
513 <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114
514 <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115
515 If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than
517 ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through:
518 recipe 4
520 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
522 -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
523 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
524 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
525 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
526 If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the digit 42
528 in the last line to 51, like this:
529 recipe 5
531 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
533 -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
534 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
535 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
536 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
537 If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit 51
539 in the last line to 60, like this:
540 recipe 6
542 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
544 -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
545 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
546 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
547 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
548
550 To determine the character set you are running under from perl one
551 could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more char‐
552 acter values. For example:
553 $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65);
555 $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
556 Also, "\t" is a "HORIZONTAL TABULATION" character so that:
558 $is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9;
560 $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5;
561 To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of the
563 characters that differ between them. For example:
564 $is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37);
566 $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21);
567 Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any of
569 the code sets, e.g.:
570 $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91;
572 $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186;
573 $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173;
574 $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
575 However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
577 $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG
579 $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED
580 Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII
582 machines from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC machine
583 since "\r" eq chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But
584 note too that because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the MacIn‐
585 tosh (which is an ASCII machine) the second $is_ascii test will lead to
586 trouble there.
587 To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC code page
589 you can use the Config module like so:
590 use Config;
592 $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
593
595 tr///
596 In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to
598 another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the
599 above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed.
600 The data in the table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns pro‐
601 vide easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also easily
602 reversed.
603 For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the output of the
605 second column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \\ charac‐
606 ters) and use it in tr/// like so:
607 $cp_037 =
609 '\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' .
610 '\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' .
611 '\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' .
612 '\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' .
613 '\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' .
614 '\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' .
615 '\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' .
616 '\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' .
617 '\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' .
618 '\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' .
619 '\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' .
620 '\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' .
621 '\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' .
622 '\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' .
623 '\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' .
624 '\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ;
625 my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
627 eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
628 To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr///
630 arguments like so:
631 my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
633 eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
634 Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0
636 to obtain a $cp_1047 table. The fourth column of the output from
637 recipe 0 could provide a $cp_posix_bc table suitable for transcoding as
638 well.
639 iconv
641 XPG operability often implies the presence of an iconv utility avail‐
643 able from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's docu‐
644 mentation for information on iconv.
645 On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the
647 iconv shell utility from within perl would be to:
648 # OS/390 or z/OS example
650 $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'⎪ iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
651 or the inverse map:
653 # OS/390 or z/OS example
655 $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'⎪ iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
656 For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on
658 CPAN.
659 C RTL
661 The OS/390 and z/OS C run time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa()
663 functions.
664
666 The ".." range operator treats certain character ranges with care on
667 EBCDIC machines. For example the following array will have twenty six
668 elements on either an EBCDIC machine or an ASCII machine:
669 @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25
671 The bitwise operators such as & ^ ⎪ may return different results when
673 operating on string or character data in a perl program running on an
674 EBCDIC machine than when run on an ASCII machine. Here is an example
675 adapted from the one in perlop:
676 # EBCDIC-based examples
678 print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n"
679 print "JA" ⎪ " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n"
680 print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n";
681 print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n";
682 An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters in the ASCII
684 table is that they can "literally" be constructed as control characters
685 in perl, e.g. "(chr(0) eq "\c@")" "(chr(1) eq "\cA")", and so on. Perl
686 on EBCDIC machines has been ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA" to
687 chr(1) as well, but the thirty three characters that result depend on
688 which code page you are using. The table below uses the character
689 names from the previous table but with substitutions such as s/START
690 OF/S.O./; s/END OF /E.O./; s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./;
691 s/VERTICAL/VERT./; s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CONTROL/D.C./; s/SEP‐
692 ARATOR/SEP./; s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG. ACK./;. The POSIX-BC and
693 1047 sets are identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037
694 set at only one spot (21 decimal). Note that the "LINE FEED" character
695 may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII machines but by "\cU" on 1047 or
696 POSIX-BC machines and cannot be generated as a "\c.letter." control
697 character on 0037 machines. Note also that "\c\\" maps to two charac‐
698 ters not one.
699 chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC
701 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
702 "\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***><
703 "\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***><
704 "\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING>
705 "\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT>
706 "\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT>
707 "\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28>
708 "\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.>
709 "\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6>
710 "\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE>
711 "\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23>
712 "\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13>
713 "\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14>
714 "\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.>
715 "\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED>
716 "\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN>
717 "\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT>
718 "\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN>
719 "\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE>
720 "\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE>
721 "\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO>
722 "\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE>
723 "\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29>
724 "\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> ***
725 "\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE>
726 "\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7>
727 "\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL>
728 "\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM>
729 "\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18>
730 "\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15>
731 "\c\\" 28 <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\
732 "\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.>
733 "\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***><
734 "\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***><
735
737 chr() chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a
738 desired character return value on an EBCDIC machine. For exam‐
739 ple:
740 $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
742 ord() ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC
744 machine. For example:
745 $the_number_193 = ord("A");
747 pack() The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character
749 set encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include:
750 $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
752 # $foo eq "ABCD"
753 $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
754 # same thing
755 $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
757 # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"
758 print() One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to
760 print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place for this
761 to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for CGI
762 script writing. For example, many perl programming guides rec‐
763 ommend something similar to:
764 print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
766 # this may be wrong on EBCDIC
767 Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for
769 example you should instead write that as:
770 print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia
772 That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done by
774 the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate
775 for the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documen‐
776 tation for further details.
777 printf()
779 The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice
780 versa will be different from their ASCII counterparts when exe‐
781 cuted on an EBCDIC machine. Examples include:
782 printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC
784 sort() EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results espe‐
786 cially for mixed case strings. This is discussed in more
787 detail below.
788 sprintf()
790 See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use of
791 sprintf would be:
792 $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
794 unpack()
796 See the discussion of pack() above.
797
799 As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as [A-Z]
800 and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap characters.
801 For example, characters such as o "o WITH CIRCUMFLEX" that lie between
802 I and J would not be matched by the regular expression range "/[H-K]/".
803 This works in the other direction, too, if either of the range end
804 points is explicitly numeric: "[\x89-\x91]" will match "\x8e", even
805 though "\x89" is "i" and "\x91 " is "j", and "\x8e" is a gap character
806 from the alphabetic viewpoint.
807 If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet
809 regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such as "/\313/"
810 on EBCDIC or "/\364/" on ASCII machines to have your regular expression
811 match "o WITH CIRCUMFLEX".
812 Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or
814 octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following set of
815 subs:
816 sub is_c0 {
818 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
819 $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
820 }
821 sub is_print_ascii {
823 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
824 $char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
825 }
826 sub is_delete {
828 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
829 $char eq "\177";
830 }
831 sub is_c1 {
833 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
834 $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
835 }
836 sub is_latin_1 {
838 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
839 $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
840 }
841 The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code
843 points. However, the concern may be with characters rather than code
844 points and on an EBCDIC machine it may be desirable for constructs such
845 as "if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";}"
846 to print out the expected message. One way to represent the above col‐
847 lection of character classification subs that is capable of working
848 across the four coded character sets discussed in this document is as
849 follows:
850 sub Is_c0 {
852 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
853 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
854 return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
855 }
856 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
857 return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
858 }
859 if (ord('^')==95 ⎪⎪ ord('^')==106) { # 1047 ⎪⎪ posix-bc
860 return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
861 }
862 }
863 sub Is_print_ascii {
865 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
866 $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{⎪}~]/;
867 }
868 sub Is_delete {
870 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
871 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
872 return $char eq "\177";
873 }
874 else { # ebcdic
875 return $char eq "\007";
876 }
877 }
878 sub Is_c1 {
880 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
881 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
882 return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
883 }
884 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
885 return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
886 }
887 if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
888 return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
889 }
890 if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
891 return $char =~
892 /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/;
893 }
894 }
895 sub Is_latin_1 {
897 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
898 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
899 return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
900 }
901 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
902 return $char =~
903 /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
904 }
905 if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
906 return $char =~
907 /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
908 }
909 if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
910 return $char =~
911 /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
912 }
913 }
914 Note however that only the "Is_ascii_print()" sub is really independent
916 of coded character set. Another way to write "Is_latin_1()" would be
917 to use the characters in the range explicitly:
918 sub Is_latin_1 {
920 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
921 $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/;
922 }
923 Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the
925 presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets.
926
928 Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network
929 byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a host web
930 server where the server may take care of translation for you. Most
931 host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on out‐
932 put.
933
935 One big difference between ASCII based character sets and EBCDIC ones
936 are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the let‐
937 ters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII based machine the
938 two letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter for
939 drive, that is:
940 @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
942 # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
943 The property of lower case before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is even
945 carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047. An example
946 would be that Ee "E WITH DIAERESIS" (203) comes before ee "e WITH
947 DIAERESIS" (235) on an ASCII machine, but the latter (83) comes before
948 the former (115) on an EBCDIC machine. (Astute readers will note that
949 the upper case version of ss "SMALL LETTER SHARP S" is simply "SS" and
950 that the upper case version of ye "y WITH DIAERESIS" is not in the
951 0..255 range but it is at U+x0178 in Unicode, or "\x{178}" in a Unicode
952 enabled Perl).
953 The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on ASCII
955 machines versus EBCDIC machines. What follows are some suggestions on
956 how to deal with these differences.
957 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
959 This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require
961 some user education.
962 MONO CASE then sort data.
964 In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test try to
966 "tr///" towards the character set case most employed within the data.
967 If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply
968 tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/ then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non
969 Latin 1 then apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are
970 primarily UPPERCASE and include Latin-1 characters then apply:
971 tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
973 tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ]/;
974 s/ß/SS/g;
975 then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not
977 address the ye "y WITH DIAERESIS" character that will remain at code
978 point 255 on ASCII machines, but 223 on most EBCDIC machines where it
979 will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a Unicode
980 enabled Perl you might try:
981 tr/^?/\x{178}/;
983 The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the
985 case of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason.
986 Convert, sort data, then re convert.
988 This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network
990 connection.
991 Perform sorting on one type of machine only.
993 This strategy can employ a network connection. As such it would be
995 computationally expensive.
996
998 There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra charac‐
999 ter set mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was dis‐
1000 cussed in the previous section and a few of the other more popular map‐
1001 ping techniques are discussed next.
1002 URL decoding and encoding
1004 Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an
1006 attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For exam‐
1007 ple the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the
1008 form:
1009 http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
1011 may also be expressed as either of:
1013 http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
1015 http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
1017 where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an exam‐
1019 ple of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047:
1020 $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
1022 # this array assumes code page 1047
1023 my @a2e_1047 = (
1024 0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
1025 16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31,
1026 64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97,
1027 240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111,
1028 124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214,
1029 215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109,
1030 121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150,
1031 151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7,
1032 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27,
1033 48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255,
1034 65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188,
1035 144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171,
1036 100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119,
1037 172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89,
1038 68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87,
1039 140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223
1040 );
1041 $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge;
1042 Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such a
1044 URL under the 1047 code page:
1045 $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
1047 # this array assumes code page 1047
1048 my @e2a_1047 = (
1049 0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
1050 16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31,
1051 128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7,
1052 144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26,
1053 32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124,
1054 38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94,
1055 45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63,
1056 248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34,
1057 216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177,
1058 176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164,
1059 181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174,
1060 172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215,
1061 123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245,
1062 125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255,
1063 92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213,
1064 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159
1065 );
1066 # The following regular expression does not address the
1067 # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
1068 $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{⎪}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge;
1069 where a more complete solution would split the URL into components and
1071 apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts.
1072 In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed but the
1074 assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047 you could
1075 use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown.
1076 uu encoding and decoding
1078 The "u" template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in
1080 EBCDIC characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example,
1081 the following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC
1082 computer:
1083 $all_byte_chrs = '';
1085 for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
1086 $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
1087 ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
1088 M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
1089 M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
1090 M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
1091 MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S
1092 MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
1093 ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
1094 ENDOFHEREDOC
1095 if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
1096 print "Yes ";
1097 }
1098 $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
1099 if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
1100 print "indeed\n";
1101 }
1102 Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided that
1104 the @e2a array is filled in appropriately:
1105 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1107 @e2a = ( # this must be filled in
1108 );
1109 $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/;
1110 open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
1111 while(<>) {
1112 last if /^end/;
1113 next if /[a-z]/;
1114 next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) ==
1115 int(length() / 4);
1116 print OUT unpack("u", $_);
1117 }
1118 close(OUT);
1119 chmod oct($mode), $file;
1120 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
1122 On ASCII encoded machines it is possible to strip characters outside of
1124 the printable set using:
1125 # This QP encoder works on ASCII only
1127 $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge;
1128 Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines would
1130 look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a array is
1131 omitted for brevity):
1132 if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII
1134 $delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII
1135 @e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map
1136 }
1137 else { # EBCDIC
1138 $delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC
1139 @e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above)
1140 }
1141 $qp_string =~
1142 s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{⎪}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge;
1143 (although in production code the substitutions might be done in the
1145 EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the ASCII branch
1146 without the expense of the identity map).
1147 Such QP strings can be decoded with:
1149 # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
1151 $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge;
1152 $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1153 Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines would
1155 look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is omitted for
1156 brevity):
1157 $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge;
1159 $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1160 Caesarian ciphers
1162 The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for enci‐
1164 pherment dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by
1165 Gaius Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars text. A single alphabet shift
1166 is sometimes referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as
1167 a number $n after the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would
1168 designate identity maps on the 26 letter English version of the Latin
1169 alphabet. Rot13 has the interesting property that alternate subsequent
1170 invocations are identity maps (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial
1171 inverse in the group of 26 alphabet rotations). Hence the following is
1172 a rot13 encoder and decoder that will work on ASCII and EBCDIC
1173 machines:
1174 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1176 while(<>){
1178 tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
1179 print;
1180 }
1181 In one-liner form:
1183 perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'
1185
1187 To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on hashing
1188 order there may be differences between hashes as stored on an ASCII
1189 based machine and hashes stored on an EBCDIC based machine. XXX
1190
1192 Internationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are supported at
1193 least in principle even on EBCDIC machines. The details are system
1194 dependent and discussed under the "OS ISSUES" in perlebcdic section
1195 below.
1196
1198 Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide char‐
1199 acters on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it
1200 works with the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms.
1201 Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX.
1203
1205 There may be a few system dependent issues of concern to EBCDIC Perl
1206 programmers.
1207 OS/400
1209 PASE The PASE environment is runtime environment for OS/400 that can
1211 run executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400, see perlos400.
1212 PASE is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE.
1213 IFS access
1215 XXX.
1216 OS/390, z/OS
1218 Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.
1220 chcp chcp is supported as a shell utility for displaying and chang‐
1222 ing one's code page. See also chcp.
1223 dataset access
1225 For sequential data set access try:
1226 my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
1228 or:
1230 my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
1232 See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.
1234 OS/390, z/OS iconv
1236 iconv is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine.
1237 See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages.
1238 locales On OS/390 or z/OS see locale for information on locales. The
1240 L10N files are in /usr/nls/locale. $Config{d_setlocale} is
1241 'define' on OS/390 or z/OS.
1242 VM/ESA?
1244 XXX.
1246 POSIX-BC?
1248 XXX.
1250
1252 This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter
1253 translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff implementa‐
1254 tion was known to strip accented characters to their unaccented coun‐
1255 terparts while attempting to view this document through the pod2man
1256 program (for example, you may see a plain "y" rather than one with a
1257 diaeresis as in ye). Another nroff truncated the resultant manpage at
1258 the first occurrence of 8 bit characters.
1259 Not all shells will allow multiple "-e" string arguments to perl to be
1261 concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might seem
1262 to imply.
1263
1265 perllocale, perlfunc, perlunicode, utf8.
1266
1268 http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps
1269 http://www.unicode.org/
1271 http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/
1273 http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/ ASCII: American Standard Code for
1275 Information Infiltration Tom Jennings, September 1999.
1276 The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore
1278 ed., ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February
1279 2000.
1280 CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - Reference and
1282 Registry, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.
1283 "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing &
1285 Technology, #26 Vol. 10 Issue 4, August/September 1999; ISSN 1523-0309;
1286 Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.
1287 Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication Fred B.
1289 Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 1998.
1290 http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The big‐
1292 gest Computer Goof Ever Robert Bemer.
1293
1295 15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp.
1296
1298 Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 with CCSID 0819
1299 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and Andre Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as
1300 well as POSIX-BC help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de.
1301 Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and Joe
1302 Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and registered
1303 service marks used in this document are the property of their respec‐
1304 tive owners.
1305perl v5.8.8 2006-01-07 PERLEBCDIC(1)